在欧洲，住宅热泵是仅用于供暖的设备，通常集成到循环系统中。为了简化集成并提高SPF，格拉茨正在进行一个变频驱动热泵的研究项目。使用逆变器驱动的热泵，可以减少因热泵出口温度和必要的供应温度不匹配而导致的循环损失和混合损失。但是，变频器（尤其是低速时）和压缩机（高速时）会造成额外的损失。基于实测热泵性能特性的SPF建模表明，在单价运行的情况下，带逆变器的机组更可取:循环和混合损失可以显著降低； 主要运行速度为中速，最大速度仅适用于峰值负荷。进一步的优点是，机组的部件变得更小，与循环水系统的集成也简化了。单位:双引文:研讨会，ASHRAE交易，1988年，第94卷，pt。2、渥太华

Residential heat pumps in Europe are heating-only devices, most commonly integrated into hydronic systems. To simplify integration and to improve the SPF, a research project on inverter-driven heat pumps is ongoing in Graz.With inverter-driven heat pumps, cycling losses as well as mixing losses caused by the mismatch of heat pump outlet temperatures and necessary supply temperatures can be reduced. However, additional losses occur, caused by the inverter, particularly at low speeds, and by the compressor at high speeds. SPF modeling based on measured performance characteristics of heat pumps has shown that, in case of monovalent operation, units with inverter are preferable: Cycling and mixing losses can be reduced remarkably; predominant operation is at moderate speed, maximum speed is needed for peak load only. Further advantages are that the components of the unit become smaller and that integration into hydronic systems is simplified.Units: Dual