1.1 本规程包括通过光学显微镜识别沉积在铁谱图上的旧润滑油和液压油样品中常见的磨损和污染颗粒。本规程涉及颗粒的识别，但不涉及确定颗粒浓度的方法。 1.2 本规程与没有润滑的情况下产生的颗粒有关，但通常不包括这些颗粒，例如可能由侵蚀、冲击、刨削或抛光产生的颗粒。 1.3 以国际单位制表示的数值应视为标准值。本标准不包括其他计量单位。 1.4 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.5 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 5.1 铁谱分析的目的是根据油中观察到的颗粒数量和类型来诊断所采样机器的工作条件。磨合后，正常运行的机器在不同样品之间表现出一致的颗粒浓度和颗粒类型。颗粒浓度的增加，伴随着颗粒类型的大小和严重程度的增加，表明故障开始。 本规程描述了在用润滑剂中常见的颗粒，但未涉及颗粒浓度的量化方法。 5.2 本规程旨在促进铁谱分析与在役润滑剂分析的改进和扩展使用。它有助于克服一些感知的复杂性和由此产生的恐吓，从而有效地将铁谱分析限制在专业人员和数量非常有限的从业者手中。标准化术语和通用报告格式提供了一致的解释和一般理解。 5.3 如果没有颗粒碎屑分析，在役润滑剂分析结果往往无法从分析结果中得出可能的根本原因或潜在严重性，因为缺少有关可能的识别或损坏机制程度的信息。 5.4 如本规程所述，铁谱分析提供了指南中所述方法之外的其他颗粒识别能力 D7684 出于以下原因: (1) 铁谱颗粒分离方法具有磁性，因此可以轻松区分铁和有色磨损颗粒。 (2) 铁谱法按大小分离铁（磁性）颗粒。 (3) 沉积在玻璃基板上，因此可以使用透射光和反射光检查颗粒，从而可以识别仅使用反射光进行检查时无法识别的颗粒类型。 (4) 铁谱图可以进行热处理，以提供铁合金类型（钢与铸铁）之间的重要区别，各种有色金属合金之间的进一步区别以及无机和有机颗粒之间的区别。 5.5 从特定样品中发现的颗粒得出结论时必须小心，尤其是当所检查的样品是该类型机器的第一个样品时。一些机器在正常运行期间会产生磨损颗粒，在其他机器中会被视为高度异常。例如，许多齿轮箱在其预期使用寿命内会产生严重磨损颗粒，而飞机燃气涡轮机油样本中只有少数严重磨损颗粒可能高度异常。健全的诊断要求为受监督的每种机器类型建立基线或典型的磨损颗粒特征。

1.1 This practice covers the identification by optical microscopy of wear and contaminant particles commonly found in used lubricant and hydraulic oil samples that have been deposited on ferrograms. This practice relates to the identification of particles, but not to methods of determining particle concentration. 1.2 This practice interfaces with but generally excludes particles generated in the absence of lubrication, such as may be generated by erosion, impaction, gouging, or polishing. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 The objective of ferrography is to diagnose the operational condition of the machine sampled based on the quantity and type of particles observed in the oil. After break-in, normally running machines exhibit consistent particle concentration and particle types from sample to sample. An increase in particle concentration, accompanied by an increase in size and severity of particle types is indicative of initiation of a fault. This practice describes commonly found particles in in-service lubricants, but does not address methodology for quantification of particle concentration. 5.2 This practice is provided to promote improved and expanded use of ferrographic analysis with in-service lubricant analysis. It helps overcome some perceived complexity and resulting intimidation that effectively limits ferrographic analysis to the hands of a specialized and very limited number of practitioners. Standardized terminology and common reporting formats provide consistent interpretation and general understanding. 5.3 Without particulate debris analysis, in-service lubricant analysis results often fall short of concluding likely root cause or potential severity from analytical results because of missing information about the possible identification or extent of damaging mechanisms. 5.4 Ferrographic analysis, as described in this practice, provides additional particle identification capabilities beyond methods described in Guide D7684 for the following reasons: (1) The ferrographic particle separation method is magnetic thus making it possible to readily distinguish between ferrous and nonferrous wear particles. (2) Ferrography separates ferrous (magnetic) particles by size. (3) Deposition is on a glass substrate so that particles may be examined using transmitted light as well as reflected light allowing particle types to be identified that cannot be identified when examination is done using only reflected light. (4) Ferrograms may be heat treated providing important distinctions between ferrous alloy types (steel versus cast iron), further distinctions among various nonferrous alloys and distinctions between inorganic and organic particles. 5.5 Caution must be exercised when drawing conclusions from the particles found in a particular sample, especially if the sample being examined is the first from that type of machine. Some machines, during normal operation, generate wear particles that would be considered highly abnormal in other machines. For example, many gear boxes generate severe wear particles throughout their expected service life, whereas just a few severe wear particles from an aircraft gas turbine oil sample may be highly abnormal. Sound diagnostics require that a baseline, or typical wear particle signature, be established for each machine type under surveillance.