本powerpoint演示文稿首先提供密歇根州城镇四家供水公司的历史和背景信息 切尔西， 戴维森， 格兰德布兰克，还有 生理盐水薄膜的驱动力 软化技术包括: 最新技术的应用 多污染物处理技术 移动 小而模块化的占地面积可以节省成本 关于建筑成本； 全自动化允许减少 所需人员编制；和 无石灰污泥从传统的 石灰软化过程。项目驱动力包括: 可达到的监管要求 通过膜分离技术； 资本成本对投资至关重要 小型项目的可行性 市政公用事业；和 “交钥匙解决方案”被选为 满足最初的预算和计划 替代传统需求 “工程解决方案”方法。给出了膜软化和膜软化操作和维护的单独成本，以及设计标准、膜处理系统示意图、原水供应、化学预处理、物理预处理、膜给水泵、膜处理、后处理、浓缩物处理方法、施工、启动和测试、操作和维护，并提出了改进建议。包括数字。

This powerpoint presentation begins by providing history and background information of four water utilities in the Michigan towns of Chelsea, Davison, Grand Blanc, and Saline. The drivers for membrane technology for softening included: application of new state-of-the-art technology for multi-contaminant removal; small, modular footprint would save on building costs; full automation allowed reduced staffing requirements; and, no lime sludge from conventional lime softening process. Project driving forces included: regulatory requirements achievable via membrane separation technology; capital costs were essential for project feasibility for smaller municipal utilities; and, "Turnkey Solution" was selected to meet initial budget and schedule needs in lieu of traditional "Engineered Solution" approach. Separate costs for membrane softening and the operation and maintenance of membrane softening are given, along with design criteria, membrane treatment system schematic, raw water supply, chemical pretreatment, physical pretreatment, membrane feed pumps, membrane treatment, post-treatment, concentrate disposal methods, construction, start-up and testing, operation and maintenance, and recommended improvements. Includes figures.