The intricate framework of an established water supply network can easily be taken for granted in developed nations where the major concern is how to cope with shrinking budgets. But a look at the mirror situation - a generous budget and no framework - reflects the immensity of such an undertaking. Saudi Arabia's dilemma is compounded by a scarcity of water, a shortage of trained personnel, and an intrinsically nomadic people. One of the world's most advanced reverse osmosis (RO) treatment plants is in Salbukh. However, establishing a safe, steady supply for the nation as a whole is a goal whose success hinges on institution building and massive social change as well as on training and retaining capable personnel at all levels of operation and project management. Includes table.