1.1 本标准实施规程描述了使用膜界面探针快速描绘地下挥发性有机化合物（VOC）的现场程序。膜界面探针测井通常使用直接推动（DP）设备进行。DP方法通常用于土壤和松散地层，而不是有效岩石。 1.2 本标准实施规程描述了如何获得挥发性有机化合物随深度的实时垂直对数。获得的数据表明了地下深处的总挥发性有机化合物水平。MIP检测器响应提供了基于检测器响应幅度的相对污染物浓度，以及基于系列检测器响应的化合物类别的确定。 1.3 强烈建议使用岩性测井工具来定义水文地层条件，如迁移路径，并指导确认采样和修复工作。 可以包括其他传感器，例如电导率、水力剖面工具、荧光探测器和圆锥穿透工具，以提供更多信息。 1.4 由于MIP结果不是定量的，土壤和水采样（指南 D6001 , D6282 , D6724 ，并练习 D6725 )需要确定特定分析物和准确浓度的方法。MIP检测极限取决于所用气相检测器的选择性和所渗透地层的特征（例如:渗透率、饱和度、粘土和有机碳含量）。 1.5 以国际单位制或英寸-磅单位（括号中给出）表示的值应单独视为标准值。每个系统中规定的值可能不是精确的等效值；因此，每个系统应相互独立使用。将两个系统的值合并可能会导致不符合标准。 以国际单位制以外的单位报告试验结果不应视为不符合本标准。 1.6 所有观察值和计算值应符合实践中确定的有效数字和舍入准则 D6026 ，除非被本标准取代。 1.6.1 用于规定如何在标准中收集/记录和计算数据的程序被视为行业标准。此外，它们代表了通常应保留的有效数字。使用的程序不考虑材料变化、获取数据的目的、特殊目的研究或用户目标的任何考虑因素；通常的做法是增加或减少报告数据的有效位数，以与这些考虑因素相称。考虑工程数据分析方法中使用的有效数字超出了这些测试方法的范围。 1.7 本实践提供了一组用于执行一个或多个特定操作的说明。本文件不能取代教育或经验，应与专业判断一起使用。并非本惯例的所有方面都适用于所有情况。本ASTM标准不代表或取代必须根据其判断给定专业服务的充分性的谨慎标准，也不应在不考虑项目的许多独特方面的情况下应用本文件。标题中的“标准”一词表示该文件已通过ASTM共识程序获得批准。 1.8 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.9 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 5.1 MIP系统提供了一种及时且具有成本效益的方法，用于深度描绘许多挥发性有机化合物羽流（例如，汽油、苯、甲苯、溶剂、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯） ( 1. , 2. , 4. , 8. , 9 ) . MIP检测器日志根据检测器的响应幅度深入了解了相对污染物浓度，并确定了化合物类别，根据该类别，系列检测器响应了地下大量VOC分布，但不提供分析物特异性 ( 1. , 2. , 7. ) . DP测井工具（如MIP）通常用于快速进行现场特征描述( 10 , 11 , D5730 )并开发详细的概念性场地模型( E1689 ). 项目经理应确定所需的数据质量目标( D5792 )可以通过MIP调查实现。MIP记录通常是整个调查计划的一部分。 5.2 MIP测井提供了饱和和非饱和地层中VOC分布的详细记录，并有助于评估潜在污染物的近似极限。吸附相、水相或气相中的卤化和非卤化挥发性有机化合物的比例通过膜分配，用于检测孔上 ( 1. ) . 5.3 许多因素影响挥发性化合物从地层穿过膜进入载气流。一项研究评估了膜表面温度和压力对分析物渗透性的影响 ( 12 ) . 饱和度、粘土含量、有机碳比例、孔隙度和渗透率等地层因素也会影响分析物从地层穿过膜的移动效率。 当然，每种特定挥发性有机化合物的挥发性、浓度、分子大小和质量以及水溶性将影响穿过膜的运动以及通过载气管线传输到检测器的速率。 5.4 高分析物浓度或地层中存在非水相液体（NAPL）可导致MIP测井中的分析物残留 ( 8. , 13 ) . 这是由于膜基质内的分析物浓度高，需要时间从膜扩散到载气流中。这种影响可能导致MIP测井上的检测器峰值拖尾到更深的间隔。使用适当的探测器和探测器灵敏度设置可以减少这种影响 ( 14 ) . 测井解释经验也有助于识别分析物夹带。当然，有针对性的土壤或地下水采样( D6001 , D6282 )应定期进行，以验证测井结果，并协助测井解释和现场表征（第 1.4 ). 5.5 一些挥发性污染物由不同分子质量、大小和挥发性的多种分析物组成（例如汽油）。使用气相色谱仪-质谱仪系统进行了详细研究，以评估汽油的几种组分从膜面、沿主干线向上移动到MIP检测器的延迟 ( 15 ) . 发现更大、更大量的分析物延迟到达检测器。这种影响意味着一些分析物质量将在其进入膜的深度以下的MIP日志上绘制。这种“分散”效应很难克服。然而，现场特定分析物的知识和测井解释经验可以帮助用户评估这些对测井质量和污染物分布的影响。当然，有针对性的土壤或地下水采样( D6001 , D6282 )应定期进行，以验证测井结果，并协助测井解释和现场表征（第 1.4 ). 5.6 MIP测井的一个重要优点是，可以大大减少有效表征VOC羽流和源区所需的样本和实验室分析数量，从而减少调查时间和成本。所需样本数量的减少也减少了现场工人接触有害污染物的机会。从MIP测井中获得的数据可用于引导和定位土壤( D6282 )地下水采样( D6001 )以及长期监测井的布置( D6724 , D6725 , D5092 ) ( 2. , 7. , 8. ) 更有效地描述和监测现场条件。 5.7 通常，MIP系统只能检测到地下的挥发性有机化合物。使用专用方法和/或检测器系统可以检测其他气体或挥发性污染物（例如汞）。检测限取决于所用气相探测器的选择性和灵敏度、遇到的分析物以及被穿透地层的特征（例如渗透率、饱和度、砂、粘土和有机碳含量）。 5.8 一个站点上一系列MIP日志的相关性可以提供主要VOC污染物羽流的二维和三维定义 ( 7. , 8. ) . 当使用MIP数据获得岩性测井（如EC、HPT或CPT）时，污染物迁移路径 ( 7. , 8. ) 以及存储和反向扩散区 ( 16 ) 可以定义。 5.9 一些调查 ( 8. , 17- 21 ) 已经发现MIP可以有效定位可能存在致密非水相液体（DNAPL）的区域。然而，在某些情况下，尤其是当使用不合适的检测器和方法时 ( 22 , 23 ) ，分析物夹带 ( 15 ) 可以遮盖DNAPL主体的底部 ( 9 , 13 , 24 ) . 通过使用适当的方法和检测器，可以将这些限制降到最低 ( 14 , 23 ) . 5.10 虽然传统MIP系统不提供定量数据或分析物特异性，但一些研究人员使用不同的采样或检测系统对系统进行了修改，以实现定量和特异性 ( 21 , 25 , 26 ) . 这些方法通常会降低测井过程的速度，以便为有限的分析物组提供更好的定量和分析物特异性。 5.11 MIP数据可用于通过了解挥发性有机化合物的垂直和水平分布，以及通过使用串联岩性传感器（如EC、HPT或CPT）获得关于土壤类型和渗透性的信息来优化现场修复。例如，根据污染物的探测器响应，将注入用于修复的材料放置在地层中的正确深度，并根据地层渗透率执行适当类型的注入。 5.11.1 这种做法也可作为评估修复性能的一种手段。MIP可以提供一种经济高效的方法来评估VOC修复的进展。当在适当的地点正确执行时，可以从初始预处理开始比较测井位置- 在开始补救后，对挥发性有机化合物污染物的日志进行补救调查。 注1: 本标准产生的结果的质量取决于执行该标准的人员的能力，以及所用设备和设施的适用性。符合执业标准的从业人员 D3740 通常认为能够胜任和客观的测试/采样/检查等。本标准的用户应注意遵守惯例 D3740 本身并不能保证可靠的结果。可靠的结果取决于许多因素；实践 D3740 提供了一种评估其中一些因素的方法。实践 D3740 是为从事土壤和岩石测试和/或检查的机构开发的。因此，它并不完全适用于执行这种做法的机构。然而，这种做法的用户应该认识到，实践框架 D3740 适用于评估执行此实践的机构的质量。目前，还没有已知的合格国家机构来检查执行这种做法的机构。

1.1 This standard practice describes a field procedure for the rapid delineation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the subsurface using a membrane interface probe. Logging with the membrane interface probe is usually performed with direct push (DP) equipment. DP methods are typically used in soils and unconsolidated formations, not competent rock. 1.2 This standard practice describes how to obtain a real time vertical log of VOCs with depth. The data obtained is indicative of the total VOC level in the subsurface at depth. The MIP detector responses provide insight into the relative contaminant concentration based upon the magnitude of detector responses and a determination of compound class based upon which detectors of the series respond. 1.3 The use of a lithologic logging tool is highly recommended to define hydrostratigraphic conditions, such as migration pathways, and to guide confirmation sampling and remediation efforts. Other sensors, such as electrical conductivity, hydraulic profiling tool, fluorescence detectors, and cone penetration tools may be included to provide additional information. 1.4 Since MIP results are not quantitative, soil and water sampling (Guides D6001 , D6282 , D6724 , and Practice D6725 ) methods are needed to identify specific analytes and exact concentrations. MIP detection limits are subject to the selectivity of the gas phase detector applied and characteristics of the formation being penetrated (for example: permeability, saturation, clay and organic carbon content). 1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units [given in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard. 1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026 , unless superseded by this standard. 1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data is collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering data. 1.7 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without the consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “standard” in the title means that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 The MIP system provides a timely and cost effective way for delineation of many VOC plumes (for example, gasoline, benzene, toluene, solvents, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene) with depth ( 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 , 9 ) . MIP detector logs provide insight into the relative contaminant concentration based upon the response magnitude of detector and a determination of compound class based upon which detectors of the series respond of the bulk VOC distribution in the subsurface but do not provide analyte specificity ( 1 , 2 , 7 ) . DP logging tools such as the MIP are often used to perform expedited site characterizations ( 10 , 11 , D5730 ) and develop detailed conceptual site models ( E1689 ). The project manager should determine if the required data quality objectives ( D5792 ) can be achieved with a MIP investigation. MIP logging is typically one part of an overall investigation program. 5.2 MIP logs provide a detailed record of VOC distribution in the saturated and unsaturated formations and assist in evaluating the approximate limits of potential contaminants. A proportion of the halogenated and non-halogenated VOCs in the sorbed, aqueous, or gaseous phases partition through the membrane for detection up hole ( 1 ) . 5.3 Many factors influence the movement of volatile compounds from the formation across the membrane and into the carrier gas stream. One study has evaluated the effects of temperature and pressure at the face of the membrane on analyte permeability ( 12 ) . Formation factors such as degree of saturation, clay content, proportion of organic carbon, porosity and permeability will also influence the efficiency of analyte movement from the formation across the membrane. Of course, the volatility, concentration, molecular size and mass, and water solubility of each specific VOC will influence movement across the membrane and rate of transport through the carrier gas line to the detectors. 5.4 High analyte concentrations or the presence of Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (NAPL) in the formation can result in analyte carry over in the MIP log ( 8 , 13 ) . This is a result of high analyte concentrations within the membrane matrix requiring time to diffuse out of the membrane into the carrier gas stream. This effect can lead to tailing of detector peaks on the MIP log to deeper intervals. Use of appropriate detectors and detector sensitivity settings can reduce this effect ( 14 ) . Experience with log interpretation also helps to identify analyte carryover. Of course, targeted soil or groundwater sampling ( D6001 , D6282 ) should be performed routinely to verify log results and assist with log interpretation and site characterization (subsection 1.4 ). 5.5 Some volatile contaminants are composed of multiple analytes of different molecular mass, size and volatility (e.g. gasoline). A detailed study was performed using a gas chromatograph (GC)-mass spectrometer system to assess the delay in movement of several components of gasoline from the membrane face, up the trunkline, to the MIP detectors ( 15 ) . The larger, more massive analytes were found to be delayed in reaching the detectors. This effect means that some analyte mass will be graphed on the MIP log at a depth below where it entered the membrane. This “dispersion” effect is difficult to overcome. However, knowledge of the site-specific analyte(s) and experience with log interpretation can help the user assess these effects on log quality and contaminant distribution. Of course, targeted soil or groundwater sampling ( D6001 , D6282 ) should be performed routinely to verify log results and assist with log interpretation and site characterization (subsection 1.4 ). 5.6 One of the important benefits of MIP logging is that the number of samples and laboratory analyses required to effectively characterize a VOC plume and source area can be greatly reduced, thus reducing investigative time and costs. Reduction of the number of samples required also reduces site worker exposure to hazardous contaminants. The data obtained from the MIP logs may be used to guide and target soil ( D6282 ) and groundwater sampling ( D6001 ) and the placement of long-term monitoring wells ( D6724 , D6725 , D5092 ) ( 2 , 7 , 8 ) to more effectively characterize and monitor site conditions. 5.7 Typically, only VOCs are detected by the MIP system in the subsurface. Use of specialized methods and/or detector systems may allow for detection of other gaseous or volatile contaminants (for example, mercury). Detection limits are subject to the selectivity and sensitivity of the gas phase detectors applied, the analytes encountered, and characteristics of the formation being penetrated (for example permeability, saturation, sand, clay and organic carbon content). 5.8 Correlation of a series of MIP logs across a site can provide 2-D and 3-D definition of the of the primary VOC contaminant plume ( 7 , 8 ) . When lithologic logs such as EC, HPT, or CPT are obtained with the MIP data, contaminant migration pathways ( 7 , 8 ) as well as storage and back diffusion zones ( 16 ) may be defined. 5.9 Some investigations ( 8 , 17- 21 ) have found the MIP can be effective in locating zones where dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) may be present. However, under some conditions, especially when inappropriate detectors and methods are used ( 22 , 23 ) , analyte carryover ( 15 ) can mask the bottom of the DNAPL body ( 9 , 13 , 24 ) . These limitations can be minimized by use of appropriate methods and detectors ( 14 , 23 ) . 5.10 While the conventional MIP system does not provide quantitative data or analyte specificity some researchers have modified the system with different sampling or detector systems in attempts to achieve quantitation and specificity ( 21 , 25 , 26 ) . These methods typically reduce the speed of the logging process in order to provide improved quantitation and analyte specificity for a limited group of analytes. 5.11 MIP data can be used to optimize site remediation by knowing the vertical and horizontal distribution of VOCs as well as obtaining information on the soil type and permeability where contaminants are held by using tandem lithologic sensors such as EC, HPT, or CPT. For example, materials injected for remediation are placed at correct depths in the formation based upon the detector responses of contaminants and the proper type of injection is performed based upon the formation permeability. 5.11.1 This practice also may be used as a means of evaluating remediation performance. MIP can provide a cost-effective way to evaluate the progress of VOC remediation. When properly performed at suitable sites, logging locations can be compared from the initial pre-remedial investigation to logs of the VOC contaminants after remediation is initiated. Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Practitioners that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. Practice D3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the testing and/or inspection of soils and rock. As such, it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this practice. However, users of this practice should recognize that the framework of Practice D3740 is appropriate for evaluating the quality of an agency performing this practice. Currently there is no known qualifying national authority that inspects agencies that perform this practice.