1.1 本规程描述了需要维护、翻新和维修时石棉水泥产品的工作规程。这包括常见任务，如在屋顶、壁板、管道等上钻孔和切割孔，如果不小心，可能会导致接触石棉纤维。这些工作实践由本实践的监管、合同、培训和监督规定进行补充和促进。 1.2 涵盖的材料包括安装在建筑物和设施内或其上的材料以及用于外部基础设施（如水、废水和配电系统）的材料。 还包括由石棉水泥制造废物制成的路面。 1.3 本文所述的工作实践仅适用于已安装在建筑物、设施和外部基础设施中的石棉水泥产品。它们不用于涉及安装新石棉水泥产品的施工或翻新。 1.4 工作实践主要用于以下情况:必须移除或干扰少量石棉水泥产品，以进行建筑物、设施或基础设施运行所需的维护、翻新或维修。 1.5 本文所述的工作实践也适用于主要目标是从建筑物或其他位置清除石棉水泥产品的情况，特别是使用湿法和其他灰尘和纤维控制方法。 1.6 以英寸-磅为单位的数值应视为标准值。括号中给出的值是到国际单位制的数学转换，仅供参考，不被视为标准值。 1.7 警告- 石棉纤维是公认的致癌物。 呼吸石棉纤维会导致肺部疾病，包括石棉肺、肺癌和间皮瘤。应采取预防措施，避免从已知或怀疑含有石棉的材料中产生和吸入空气中的石棉颗粒。遵守有关石棉的所有适用法规要求。 1.8 本规程并未解决与石棉水泥制品相关的安全隐患，例如从屋顶板坠落或沟槽塌陷。使用电动工具可能存在电气危险，尤其是在潮湿环境中。 必须根据雇主的政策和适用法规考虑和控制这些和其他安全隐患。 1.9 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.10 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 5.1 吸入空气中的石棉纤维已被证明会导致石棉肺、肺癌和间皮瘤。 5.1.1 美国环境保护署（U.S.Environmental Protection Agency）报告称，“石棉作为慢性（长期）物质，对肺部的影响是一个主要的健康问题人体通过吸入接触石棉可导致一种称为石棉肺的肺部疾病。石棉肺的特征是呼吸短促和咳嗽，可能导致呼吸功能严重受损。癌症也是石棉接触的主要问题，因为吸入暴露可导致肺癌和间皮瘤（一种罕见的腹腔和周围内脏内膜癌），并可能导致人类胃肠道癌症。 环保局已将石棉归类为a组，即已知的人类致癌物。” ( 1. ) . 4. 5.1.2 世界卫生组织表示:“接触石棉的途径是吸入主要来自工作环境中受污染空气的纤维，以及来自点源附近的环境空气，或含有易碎石棉材料的房屋和建筑物中的室内空气。最高程度的接触发生在石棉容器的重新包装、与其他原材料混合以及石棉的干切期间- 含有磨具的产品“ ( 2. ) . 5.1.3 世界银行表示:“呼吸石棉粉尘对健康的危害包括石棉肺、一种肺部疤痕疾病和各种形式的癌症（包括肺癌、胸膜和腹膜间皮瘤）. 这些疾病通常在接触石棉数十年后发生。间皮瘤是石棉接触的一种信号肿瘤，发生在工人的家庭成员中，来自工人衣服上的灰尘以及石棉空气污染点源的邻居中。” ( 3. ) . 5.2 在过去的一个世纪里，由于石棉对健康的影响，世界各地发生了广泛的诉讼，造成了相当大的经济后果。针对石棉危害的监管措施导致了对违规者的民事制裁和刑事起诉。 5.3 关于石棉纤维的生产和使用: 5.3.1 美国地质调查局（USGS）报告称:“2003年至2007年间，全球消费相对稳定，平均为2.11 百万公吨（Mt）。2007年的主要消费国是中国（30 %), 印度（15 %), 俄罗斯（13 %), 哈萨克斯坦和巴西（5 % 泰国、乌兹别克斯坦和乌克兰（4 % 每个）。 这八个国家约占80% % 占2007年世界石棉消费量的比例。从2003年到2007年，大多数国家的表观消费量下降。然而，2003年至2007年间，中国、印度和乌兹别克斯坦的表观消费量显著增加。总的来说，随着越来越多的国家禁止使用石棉，世界石棉消费量可能会下降。” ( 4. ) . 5.3.2 世界卫生组织还指出:“铭记没有证据表明石棉致癌作用的阈值，并且在接触极低水平石棉的人群中观察到癌症风险增加，这是消除石棉的最有效方法- 相关疾病是停止使用所有类型的石棉。在建筑行业继续使用石棉水泥尤其令人担忧，因为劳动力众多，难以控制暴露，并且现场材料有可能恶化，并对进行改建、维护和拆除的人员构成风险。” ( 2. ) . 5.3.3 温石棉（前身为石棉）研究所报告称:“超过90 % 温石棉的生产用于制造温石棉- 水泥，以管道、薄板和瓦的形式存在。这些产品在大约60个工业化国家和发展中国家使用。” ( 5. ) . 5.4 由此可见，全球石棉水泥产品的安装基数巨大，并在继续增长。换言之，使用这些材料时暴露于石棉纤维的问题非常严重，在可预见的未来仍将十分严重。 5.5 这种做法的意义在于，它提供了在发展中国家和工业化国家可用资源范围内保护工人和社区健康的工作做法。 它尽可能地依赖于工具、设备和物资，而无需求助于专业供应商。这些技术需要仔细和勤奋的工艺，但不需要高技能技工的服务。 5.6 本惯例不仅适用于建筑工人和技工执行其工作，也适用于建筑业主和其他人，作为编制本惯例范围内活动合同和标书的基础。它还将为政府官员制定旨在保护工人和社区健康的法规提供基础。 如果已经存在此类规定，则在发生冲突时，这些规定必然优先于本惯例。 5.7 暴露于空气中石棉纤维的风险最大的人是那些在维护、翻新和维修操作期间对石棉水泥产品进行操作的人。这种做法的主要重点是保护他们的健康。然而，社区的其他成员、正在翻新的建筑物中的其他工人和个人、正在维修的房屋的居民以及毫无戒心的旁观者的风险较小。 通过最大限度地降低进行维护、翻新和维修操作的工人的风险，也减少了其他人的潜在风险。 5.8 预计雇主将自愿遵守这一做法的规定，以保护工人和社区健康，并减少自己的责任。然而，职业和社区健康监管基础设施的存在大大提高了对减少石棉纤维和其他有毒材料接触措施的遵守。 在一些国家，这样的系统非常先进，但在另一些国家，需要创建或进一步发展。通过在法律和法规中引用这种做法并要求遵守其规定，可以进一步推动这些努力。 5.8.1 施工许可证的发放取决于工人培训的证据、使用这些程序的经验以及适当使用这些程序的足够资源（人力、设备和物资）。 5.8.2 参考本惯例并要求使用其程序的合同框架可确保建筑所有人或根据合同或招标安排获得施工服务的其他方已将处理石棉时的预期性能水平告知响应要约人- 水泥产品。

1.1 This practice describes work practices for asbestos-cement products when maintenance, renovation, and repair are required. This includes common tasks such as drilling and cutting holes in roofing, siding, pipes, etc. that can result in exposure to asbestos fibers if not done carefully. These work practices are supplemented and facilitated by the regulatory, contractual, training, and supervisory provisions of this practice. 1.2 Materials covered include those installed in or on buildings and facilities and those used in external infrastructure such as water, wastewater, and electrical distribution systems. Also included is pavement made from asbestos-cement manufacturing waste. 1.3 The work practices described herein are intended for use only with asbestos-cement products already installed in buildings, facilities, and external infrastructure. They are not intended for use in construction or renovation involving the installation of new asbestos-cement products. 1.4 The work practices are primarily intended to be used in situations where small amounts of asbestos-cement products must be removed or disturbed in order to perform maintenance, renovation, or repair necessary for operation of the building, facility, or infrastructure. 1.5 The work practices described herein are also applicable for use where the primary objective is the removal of asbestos-cement products from the building or other location, particularly the use of wet methods and other means of dust and fiber control. 1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.7 Warning— Asbestos fibers are acknowledged carcinogens. Breathing asbestos fibers can result in disease of the lungs including asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. Precautions in this practice should be taken to avoid creating and breathing airborne asbestos particles from materials known or suspected to contain asbestos. Comply with all applicable regulatory requirements addressing asbestos. 1.8 This practice does not address safety hazards associated with working on asbestos-cement products such as falling through roof panels or trench cave-ins. The use of power tools presents possible electrical hazards, particularly in wet environments. These and other safety hazards must be considered and controlled in compliance with the employer’s policies and applicable regulations. 1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 The inhalation of airborne asbestos fibers has been shown to cause asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. 5.1.1 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reports that “Effects on the lung are a major health concern from asbestos, as chronic (long-term) exposure to asbestos in humans via inhalation can result in a lung disease termed asbestosis. Asbestosis is characterized by shortness of breath and cough and may lead to severe impairment of respiratory function. Cancer is also a major concern from asbestos exposure, as inhalation exposure can cause lung cancer and mesothelioma (a rare cancer of the thin membranes lining the abdominal cavity and surrounding internal organs), and possibly gastrointestinal cancers in humans. EPA has classified asbestos as a Group A, known human carcinogen” ( 1 ) . 4 5.1.2 The World Health Organization states: “Exposure to asbestos occurs through inhalation of fibres primarily from contaminated air in the working environment, as well as from ambient air in the vicinity of point sources, or indoor air in housing and buildings containing friable asbestos materials. The highest levels of exposure occur during repackaging of asbestos containers, mixing with other raw materials and dry cutting of asbestos-containing products with abrasive tools” ( 2 ) . 5.1.3 The World Bank states: “Health hazards from breathing asbestos dust include asbestosis, a lung scarring disease, and various forms of cancer (including lung cancer and mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum). These diseases usually arise decades after the onset of asbestos exposure. Mesothelioma, a signal tumor for asbestos exposure, occurs among workers’ family members from dust on the workers’ clothes and among neighbors of asbestos air pollution point sources” ( 3 ) . 5.2 Extensive litigation has occurred worldwide as a result of the health effects of asbestos over the past century, resulting in considerable economic consequences. The regulatory response to asbestos hazards has resulted in civil sanctions and criminal prosecution of violators. 5.3 Regarding the production and use of asbestos fiber: 5.3.1 The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) reports: “World consumption was relatively steady between 2003 and 2007, averaging 2.11 million metric tons (Mt). The leading consuming countries in 2007 were, in decreasing order tonnage, China (30 %), India (15 %), Russia (13 %), Kazakhstan and Brazil (5 % each), and Thailand, Uzbekistan, and Ukraine (4 % each). These eight countries accounted for about 80 % of world asbestos consumption in 2007. From 2003 through 2007, apparent consumption declined in most countries. However, there were significant increases in apparent consumption in China, India, and Uzbekistan between 2003 and 2007. In general, world asbestos consumption is likely to decline as more countries institute bans on its use” ( 4 ) . 5.3.2 The World Health Organization also states: “Bearing in mind that there is no evidence for a threshold for the carcinogenic effect of asbestos and the increased cancer risks have been observed in populations exposed to very low levels, the most efficient way to eliminate asbestos-related diseases is to stop using all types of asbestos. Continued use of asbestos-cement in the construction industry is of particular concern, because the workforce is large, it is difficult to control exposure, and in-place materials have the potential to deteriorate and pose a risk to those carrying out alterations, maintenance, and demolition” ( 2 ) . 5.3.3 The Chrysotile (formerly Asbestos) Institute reports that: “More than 90 % of the world production of chrysotile is used in the manufacture of chrysotile-cement, in the form of pipes, sheets, and shingles. These products are used in some sixty industrialized and developing countries” ( 5 ) . 5.4 It follows that the installed base of asbestos-cement products worldwide is enormous and continues to grow. In other words, the problem of exposure to asbestos fibers from working with these materials is substantial and will remain significant for the foreseeable future. 5.5 The significance of this practice is that it provides work practices that protect worker and community health within the resources available in developing as well as industrialized countries. It relies as much as possible on tools, equipment, and supplies that are readily available without recourse to specialty suppliers. The techniques require careful and diligent workmanship but do not require the services of highly-skilled tradesmen. 5.6 This practice is intended to be used not only by construction workers and tradesmen in the performance of their work, but also by building owners and others as the basis for preparing contracts and tenders for activities included in the scope of this practice. It will also provide a foundation for government officials to develop regulations intended to protect worker and community health. Where such regulations already exist, of necessity they take precedence over this practice in event of a conflict. 5.7 The persons who are most at risk of exposure to airborne asbestos fibers are those who perform work on asbestos-cement products during maintenance, renovation, and repair operations. This practice places its primary emphasis on the protection of their health. However, other members of the community—other workers and individuals in a building being renovated, residents of a house undergoing repairs, and unsuspecting bystanders—are at risk to a lesser degree. By minimizing the risk to the worker performing the maintenance, renovation, and repair operations, the potential exposure of others is reduced as well. 5.8 It is expected that employers will comply voluntarily with the provisions of this practice in the interest of protecting worker and community health and reducing their own liability. However, the existence of a regulatory infrastructure for occupational and community health greatly enhances compliance with measures to reduce exposure to asbestos fibers and other toxic materials. In some countries, such a system is highly advanced, but in others it needs to be created or further developed. These efforts can be furthered by referencing this practice in laws and regulations and requiring compliance with its provisions. 5.8.1 Issuance of construction permits can be made contingent on showing evidence of worker training, experience in the use of these procedures, and adequate resources (manpower, equipment, and supplies) to use them properly. 5.8.2 A contractual framework that references this practice and requires use of its procedures ensures the building owner or other party securing construction services under a contract or tender arrangement that the responding offeror has been informed as to the expected level of performance when working with asbestos-cement products.