1.1 本指南介绍了如何将直接（直）电缆旋转套管推进钻井和取样程序用于地质环境勘探和地下水质监测装置的安装。 注1: 本指南中关于旋转钻井方法的术语“直接”表示通过钻杆柱将水基钻井液或空气注入旋转钻头或取芯钻头。流体或空气冷却钻头，并将岩屑输送到钻杆柱和井壁之间的环空表面。 注2: 本指南不包括单独指南《指南》中所述的流体旋转系统的程序 D5783 . 1.2 “套管推进”一词有时用于描述旋转电缆钻井，因为可以移除中心导向钻头或岩心筒组件，并且大内径钻杆可以用作测试或安装监测设备的临时套管。 本指南介绍了套管推进设备，其中钻杆（套管）通过施加在钻头上的旋转力推进，并施加静态下压力以帮助切割过程。 1.3 本指南包括几种形式的旋转钢丝绳钻井配置。一般的钻孔推进可以在没有采样的情况下通过使用导向牙轮或拖曳钻头进行，直到达到所需的深度。或者，通过用设计用于取芯岩石或土壤的取芯筒组件代替导向钻头，可以对材料进行连续或增量采样。岩石取芯应按照实践进行 D2113 . 1.4 单位-- 括号中给出的以国际单位制或英寸磅单位表示的数值应单独视为标准。 每个系统中规定的值可能并不完全相等；因此，每个系统应独立使用。将两个系统的值合并可能导致不符合标准。 1.5 所有观测值和计算值均应符合中规定的有效数字和舍入准则 D6026 .本标准中用于规定如何收集/记录或计算数据的程序被视为行业标准。此外，它们代表了通常应保留的有效数字。所使用的程序不考虑材料变化、获取数据的目的、特殊目的研究或用户目标的任何考虑因素； 并且通常的做法是增加或减少所报告数据的有效数字以与这些考虑相称。在分析方法或工程设计中使用的有效数字超出了本标准的范围。 1.6 用于地质环境勘探的直接旋转电缆钻井方法通常涉及安全规划、管理和文件编制。本指南并不旨在具体解决勘探和现场安全问题。 1.7 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.8 本指南提供了有组织的信息收集或一系列选项，不建议采取具体行动。本文件不能取代教育或经验，应与专业判断结合使用。并非本指南的所有方面都适用于所有情况。本ASTM标准并不代表或取代必须判断给定专业服务是否充分的护理标准，也不应在不考虑项目许多独特方面的情况下应用本文件。本文件标题中的“标准”一词仅表示该文件已通过ASTM共识程序批准。 1.9 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 5.1 电缆套管推进可用于支持地质环境勘探，并用于在未固结和固结材料中安装地下监测设备。只要能保持流体循环，直接旋转钢丝绳套管超前钻井法就适用于各种固结或松散材料。钢丝绳套管超前钻进具有在各种材料中具有高钻速的优点，同时还具有大直径钻杆作为保护套管的额外好处。每次取芯时，钢丝绳取芯不需要起下钻。 只有当取芯钻头磨损或损坏，或者内芯筒卡在外芯筒中时，才需要拆除钻杆。 5.1.1 钢丝绳套管推进器可适用于在压力下与循环空气一起使用，以对水敏感材料进行取样，其中流体暴露可能会改变岩心或洞穴状材料或发生循环损失 ( 1. , 2. ) . 4. 与其他方法相比，使用空气旋转钻井方法的几个优点可以包括相当快速地钻穿固结材料的能力，并且在许多情况下，不需要将钻井液引入钻孔。当对水敏感的材料（即易碎的砂岩或可塌陷的土壤）可能妨碍用水时，通常采用空气旋转钻井技术推进钻孔- 基于旋转钻井方法。空气旋转钻井的一些缺点可能包括当不使用套管时，疏松材料中的钻孔完整性较差，以及污染物和空气携带的灰尘可能挥发。当在地下水位以下钻孔时，在松散或无粘性土壤中，或两者兼有的情况下，空气钻孔可能不令人满意。在某些情况下，可以将水或泡沫添加剂或两者注入气流中，以提高岩屑提升能力和岩屑返回。应记录水或其他添加剂的使用情况，或两者兼而有之。如果钻井压力和技术没有得到仔细维护和监测，在高压下使用空气可能会导致地层材料破裂或钻孔极度侵蚀。 如果钻孔损坏变得明显，则应考虑其他钻孔方法。 5.1.2 当使用空气作为循环流体时，用户应参考参考 ( 1. , 2. ) 和指南 D5782 . 5.2 电缆套管推进在地质环境勘探中的应用可能涉及地下水、土壤或岩石的取样；或原位或孔隙流体测试；或安装其他套管，用于在未固结或固结材料中进行后续钻探活动。 5.3 电缆钻杆可以用作临时套管，并且可以用于促进监测装置的安装。监测装置可以在钻杆从钻孔中移除时安装。 注3: 用户可以在进行采样或现场测试的同一钻孔内安装监测装置。 5.4 钢丝绳套管推进旋转钻井方法使用流体或空气循环来润滑钻头和去除钻屑。在许多情况下，添加添加剂以改善循环、岩屑返回、井壁稳定和井壁密封以防止流体损失。如果钻井条件没有得到仔细维护和监测，在高压下使用流体或空气可能会因压裂或过度侵蚀而损坏地层材料。如果正在发生或明显出现不希望的地层损坏，则应考虑其他钻井方法。

1.1 This guide covers how direct (straight) wireline rotary casing advancement drilling and sampling procedures may be used for geoenvironmental exploration and installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices. Note 1: The term “direct” with respect to the rotary drilling method of this guide indicates that a water-based drilling fluid or air is injected through a drill-rod column to rotating bit(s) or coring bit. The fluid or air cools the bit(s) and transports cuttings to the surface in the annulus between the drill rod column and the borehole wall. Note 2: This guide does not include the procedures for fluid rotary systems which are addressed in a separate guide, Guide D5783 . 1.2 The term “casing advancement” is sometimes used to describe rotary wireline drilling because the center pilot bit or core barrel assemblies may be removed and the large inside diameter drill rods can act as a temporary casing for testing or installation of monitoring devices. This guide addresses casing-advancement equipment in which the drill rod (casing) is advanced by rotary force applied to the bit with application of static downforce to aid in the cutting process. 1.3 This guide includes several forms of rotary wireline drilling configurations. General borehole advancement may be performed without sampling by using a pilot roller cone or drag bit until the desired depth is reached. Alternately, the material may be continuously or incrementally sampled by replacing the pilot bit with a core-barrel assembly designed for coring either rock or soil. Rock coring should be performed in accordance with Practice D2113 . 1.4 Units— The values stated in either SI units or Inch-Pound units given in brackets are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exactly equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two system may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.5 All observed and calculated values are to conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in D6026 . The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objective; and it is common practice to increase or reduce the significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis method or engineering design. 1.6 Direct rotary wireline drilling methods for geoenvironmental exploration will often involve safety planning, administration, and documentation. This guide does not purport to specifically address exploration and site safety. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. 1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 Wireline casing advancement may be used in support of geoenvironmental exploration and for installation of subsurface monitoring devices in both unconsolidated and consolidated materials. Use of direct-rotary wireline casing-advancement drilling methods with fluids are applicable to a wide variety of consolidated or unconsolidated materials as long as fluid circulation can be maintained. Wireline casing-advancement drilling offers the advantages of high drilling-penetration rates in a wide variety of materials with the added benefit of the large-diameter drilling rod serving as protective casing. Wireline coring does not require tripping in and out of the hole each time a core is obtained. The drill rods need only be removed when the coring bit is worn or damaged or if the inner core barrel becomes stuck in the outer barrel. 5.1.1 Wireline casing advancers may be adapted for use with circulating air under pressure for sampling water-sensitive materials where fluid exposure may alter the core or in cavernous materials or lost circulation occurs ( 1 , 2 ) . 4 Several advantages of using the air-rotary drilling method over other methods may include the ability to drill rather rapidly through consolidated materials and, in many instances, not require the introduction of drilling fluids to the borehole. Air-rotary drilling techniques are usually employed to advance the borehole when water-sensitive materials (that is, friable sandstones or collapsible soils) may preclude use of water-based rotary-drilling methods. Some disadvantages to air-rotary drilling may include poor borehole integrity in unconsolidated materials when casing is not used and the possible volatilization of contaminants and air-borne dust. Air drilling may not be satisfactory in unconsolidated or cohesionless soils, or both, when drilling below the groundwater table. In some instances, water or foam additives, or both, may be injected into the air stream to improve cuttings-lifting capacity and cuttings return. Use of water or other additives, or both, should be documented. The use of air under high pressures may cause fracturing of the formation materials or extreme erosion of the borehole if drilling pressures and techniques are not carefully maintained and monitored. If borehole damage becomes apparent, other drilling method(s) should be considered. 5.1.2 When air is used as the circulating fluid, the user should consult Refs ( 1 , 2 ) and Guide D5782 . 5.2 The application of wireline casing advancement to geoenvironmental exploration may involve sampling of groundwater, soil, or rock; or in situ or pore-fluid testing; or installation of other casings for subsequent drilling activities in unconsolidated or consolidated materials. 5.3 The wireline drill rod can act as a temporary casing and may be used to facilitate the installation of a monitoring device. The monitoring device may be installed as the drill rod is removed from the drill hole. Note 3: The user may install a monitoring device within the same drill hole wherein sampling or in situ testing was performed. 5.4 Wireline casing-advancement rotary-drilling methods use fluid or air circulation to lubricate cutting bits and for removal of drill cuttings. In many cases, additives are added to improve circulation, cuttings return, borehole wall stabilization, and sealing of the borehole wall from fluid loss. The use of fluid or air under high pressures may allow for damage to formation materials by fracturing or excessive erosion if drilling conditions are not carefully maintained and monitored. If undesirable formation damage is occurring or evident, other drilling method(s) should be considered.