在中试规模上对地表水纳滤进行了研究，比较了生物过滤和生物过滤 快速介质过滤作为简单的预处理选项。纳米过滤器被操作 根据斯堪的纳维亚部分地区建立的方法，预处理受到限制 膜通量较低。 生物过滤导致给水中含有较低浓度的细菌、总有机碳（TOC）和可生物降解有机碳 （BDOC），并导致玻片上的生物膜形成比对照组显著减少 快速介质过滤。跨膜压力增加平均比对照组低5倍 采用生物过滤作为预处理的纳米过滤器（NF-BAC）与采用快速过滤的纳米过滤器相比 介质过滤作为预处理（NF-DM）。NF-BAC膜的含水量较少 生物、有机和无机污染比NF-DM膜更严重。铁、铝和 二氧化硅是主要的无机元素，而生物聚合物（多糖、蛋白质 和氨基糖）是主要的有机污染组分，尽管水中的浓度较低 喂水。虽然NF-Bio比NF-RMF含有更少的污染物质，但没有差异 在污垢成分中观察到一种特定成分 负责降低跨膜压力。这项研究的结果表明 生物过滤作为一种简单的预处理方法，可以显著缓解污水中的污染问题 从地表水中去除天然有机物（NOM）的低通量NF装置。包括21个参考文献、表格和图表。

Nanofiltration of surface water was investigated in pilot-scale, comparing biofiltration and rapid media filtration as simple pre-treatment options. The nanofilters were operated according to the approach established in parts of Scandinavia, where pretreatment is limited and the membrane flux is low. Biofiltration resulted in feed water containing lower concentrations of bacteria, total organic carbon (TOC) and Biodegradable organic carbon (BDOC) and resulted in a profoundly decreased biofilm formation on glass slides compared to rapid media filtration. Transmembrane pressure increase was in average 5 fold lower for the nanofilter with biofiltration as pretreatment (NF-BAC) compared to the nanofilter with rapid media filtration as pretreatment (NF-DM). The NF-BAC membranes contained less biological-, organic- and inorganic fouling than the NF-DM membranes. Iron, aluminium and silica were the dominant inorganic elements, while biopolymers (polysaccharides, proteins and aminosugars) were the dominant organic fouling fraction, despite low concentrations in the feed waters. Although NF-Bio contained less fouling matter than NF-RMF, no difference in the fouling composition was observed that would point out a specific component responsible for the reduced transmembrane pressure. The results of this study indicate that biofiltration, as a simple pretreatment option, can significantly mitigate fouling problems in low flux NF installations for natural organic matter (NOM) removal from surface water. Includes 21 references, table, figures.