1.1 X射线衍射（XRD）是一种鉴定矿物（如石英和长石）以及马表面大块样品中粘土类型的工具。通过比较不同矿物组分（如石英或长石）的硬度相对差异或粘土矿物（如蒙脱石或高岭石）的塑性差异，确定给定大块样品的矿物学可深入了解表面特性，例如耐磨性。XRD技术本质上是定性的，只是半定量的。 1.2 粒度分布分析方法，包括比重计试验，以根据粒度确定砂、粉土和粘土的比例，但无法通过材料的形状或矿物学来区分颗粒。除了对样品中存在的矿物进行定性检测外，XRD方法也是半定量的，还可以获得关于存在的特定矿物相对比例的重要数据。 1.3 XRD技术通常是半定量的。即便如此，此类半定量数据在确定每种矿物类型的相对比例时仍然很有用。这种方法在性质上也是半定性的，因为它适合于测定矿物基团。例如，它将确定斜长石长石中碱性长石（如钾长石或钠长石）的相对数量，但不一定是斜长石是钠长石还是钙长石，也不一定是钾长石是微斜长石的正长石。同样，它将区分蒙脱石、云母和高岭石，但不能区分蒙脱石是蒙脱石还是皂石。通过XRD可以更精确地测定矿物种类，但需要比本标准范围内更先进的制备和处理方法。 1.4 本文中的XRD方法主要使用“玻片法”，但可能会根据用户的需要进行修改。 1.5 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.6 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 =====意义和用途====== 5.1 岩相检查的目的如下: 5.1.1 确定可通过岩相法（在该方法中，通过使用XRD）观察到的材料的矿物学，以及可能对材料在其预期用途中的性能有影响的材料。 5.1.2 当成分的性质可能存在显著差异，且这些差异对材料在预期用途中的性能有影响时，确定样品成分的相对数量，这对于正确评估样品至关重要。 5.1.3 该方法有助于评估矿物骨料来源是否适合用作马表面的施工、翻新或改造材料。所收集的信息将用于比较新矿物来源的成分与来自一个或多个来源的其他矿物骨料样品的成分，其中测试数据或性能记录可用。 5.2 该方法可由直接受雇于接受检查人员的石油技师使用。雇主应尽可能详细地告知石油技师检查的目的和目标、所需的信息种类以及所需的检查范围。 应提供相关背景信息，包括先前测试的结果。对于检查的范围，应征求石油技师的意见和判断。 5.3 这种方法可以作为在咨询岩矿服务的购买者和岩矿技师之间建立协议的基础。在这种情况下，买方和顾问应共同确定检查和分析的种类、范围和目标，并应以书面形式记录其协议。协议可以规定要作出的具体决定、要报告的意见、要承担的资金，或这些或其他条件的组合。

1.1 X-Ray diffraction (XRD) is a tool for identifying minerals, such as quartz and feldspar, and types of clay present in bulk samples of equine surfaces. Determining the mineralogy of a given bulk sample provides insight into surface properties, such as abrasion resistance by comparing the relative differences of hardness of the various mineral fractions such as quartz or feldspar or the plasticity differences in clay minerals such as smectite or kaolinite. XRD techniques are qualitative in nature and only semi-quantitative. 1.2 Particle size distribution analyses methods including hydrometer tests to determine proportions of sand, silt, and clay fractions based upon particle size but are not able to distinguish particles by shape or mineralogy of materials. In addition to a qualitative detection of minerals present in a sample, XRD methods are also semi-quantitative and also yield important data on the relative proportion of particular minerals present. 1.3 XRD techniques are generally semi-quantitative in nature. Even so, such semiquantitative data is useful in determining relative proportions of each mineral type. This method is also semi-qualitative in nature as it is geared for the determination or mineral groups. For example, it will determine the relative amount of alkali feldspars (such as K-feldspar or Nafeldspar) from Plagioclase-feldspar but not necessarily if the Plagioclase-feldspar is albite or anorthite nor whether the K-feldspar is orthoclase of microcline. Likewise, it will differentiate smectite from mica from kaolinite but not whether the smectite is montmorillonite or saponite. More precise determination of mineral species by XRD is possible but involves more advanced preparation and treatment methods than what is within the scope of this standard. 1.4 The XRD method herein primarily makes use of “Glass Slide Method” but may be subject to modification depending on the user’s needs. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 Petrographic examinations are made for the following purposes: 5.1.1 To determine the mineralogy of the material that may be observed by petrographic methods (in this method, by use of XRD) and that may have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use. 5.1.2 To determine the relative amounts of the constituents of the sample which is essential for proper evaluation of the sample when the constituents may differ significantly in properties that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use. 5.1.3 This method helps to evaluate mineral aggregate sources for suitability as a material to be used for construction, renovation, or modification of equine surfaces. The information gathered will allow for the comparison of the composition of new mineral sources with samples of other mineral aggregate from one or more sources, for which test data or performance records are available. 5.2 This method may be used by a petrographer employed directly by those for whom the examination is made. The employer should tell the petrographer, in as much detail as necessary, the purposes and objectives of the examination, the kind of information needed, and the extent of examination desired. Pertinent background information, including results of prior testing, should be made available. The petrographer’s advice and judgment should be sought regarding the extent of the examination. 5.3 This method may form the basis for establishing arrangements between a purchaser of consulting petrographic service and the petrographer. In such a case, the purchaser and the consultant should together determine the kind, extent, and objectives of the examination and analyses to be made and should record their agreement in writing. The agreement may stipulate specific determinations to be made, observations to be reported, funds to be obligated, or a combination of these or other conditions.