当前和拟议的法规要求将微生物去除效率作为评估水处理工艺的标准。美国环境保护局（USEPA）建议从地表水源中最多拒收六批隐孢子虫。膜和集成膜系统（IMSs）似乎为微生物污染物提供了重要的单一屏障，甚至更大的累积屏障，但在很大程度上未经病原体排斥试验。大规模隐孢子虫检测在经济上是禁止的。 因此，这项工作描述了几种膜系统对需氧孢子（枯草芽孢杆菌内孢子）的排斥作用，作为美国环保局推荐的隐孢子虫的替代物。佛罗里达州坦帕市希尔斯伯勒河水处理厂运行了八种不同的中试规模的集成膜系统，对培养的枯草芽孢杆菌内孢子的排斥反应进行了评估。研究中使用了Zenon微过滤器、Memcor微过滤器、液压薄膜复合纳米过滤器和流体系统醋酸纤维素纳米过滤器。 两种MFs均配置为中空纤维（HF）膜。两种NFs都配置为螺旋缠绕膜。氯化物和pH示踪研究用于确定膜停留时间和样品采集时间。两种MFs都受到在线明矾凝固和不在线明矾凝固的挑战。MF工艺被评估为两种NF工艺的独立工艺和预处理工艺。包括5个参考文献、表格、图表。

Current and proposed regulations require microbial removal efficiency as a criterion for evaluating water treatment processes. A maximum six-lot rejection of Cryptosporidium from surface water sources has been proposed by US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Membrane and integrated membrane systems (IMSs) seemingly provide significant single barriers and even greater cumulative barriers to microbial contaminants but are largely untested for pathogen rejection. Large-scale Cryptosporidium testing is economically prohibitive. Consequently, this work describes the rejection of aerobic spores (Bacillus subtilis endospores) by several membranes systems as a surrogate for Cryptosporidium as recommended by USEPA. Eight different pilot-scale Integrated Membrane Systems were operated at the Hillsborough River WTP in Tampa, Florida, an assesssed for rejection of cultured Bacillus subtilis endospores. A Zenon microfilter, Memcor microfilter, Hydranautics thin-film composite nanofilter and Fluid Systems cellulose acetate nanofilter were used in the investigation. Both MFs were configured as hollow fiber (HF) membranes. Both NFs were configured as spiral wound membranes. Chloride and pH tracer studies were used to determine membrane resident times and sample collection times. Both MFs were challenged with and without in-line alum coagulation. The MF processes were evaluated as stand alone and pretreatment processes for both NF processes. Includes 5 references, table, figures.