1.1 这些定义适用于ASTM委员会D18标准术语部分中的许多术语。 1.2 本术语标准定义了ASTM委员会D18管辖的标准各章节中与土壤、岩石和所含流体相关的术语。 1.3 冻土相关术语的定义见术语表 D7099 . 1.4 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 =====意义和用途====== 3.1 本标准中的定义应被视为D18委员会其他ASTM标准中术语的正确定义。某些术语可能出现在本委员会管辖范围内发布的多个标准中，其中许多术语已被纳入本标准。 3.2 某些教科书中定义的术语可能与本术语标准中的术语略有不同。本术语标准中的定义应被视为ASTM使用的正确定义。 3.3 请参阅 附录X1 供参考。 3.4 标有（ISRM）的定义是为了方便用户，直接取自国际岩石力学学会（见 X1.3 ). 3.5 许多定义包括符号。这些符号以斜体显示在术语名称之后。 3.5.1 对于单个术语给出两个或多个符号的情况，不应考虑符号的呈现顺序。 3.5.2 所展示的符号仅为示例；因此，其他符号也是可以接受的。 3.5.3 请参阅 附录X2 ISRM符号。 3.6 许多定义在括号中表示测量单位，如果给出，则在符号后面。适用单位用斜体大写字母表示，如下所示: D --无尺寸 F --力，如磅力、吨力、牛顿 L --长度，如英寸、英尺、毫米和米 4. M --质量，如千克、克 T --时间，例如秒、分钟 3.6.1 正指数表示分子中的倍数。负指数表示分母中的倍数。角度以“度”表示 3.6.2 为了将系统和特定单位的选择留给工程师和特定应用，特意省略了用国际单位制或英寸磅制表示单位，例如: FL −2 --可以用磅力/平方英寸、千帕、吨/平方英尺等表示。 书信电报 −1 --可以用英尺/分钟、米/秒等表示。 3.7 如果同义词被交叉引用，则定义通常按字母顺序包含在较早的术语中。如果不是这样，后面的术语更重要。 3.8 定义分组和相关术语列表-- 为了帮助用户查找术语，本术语标准提供了定义分组和相关术语列表。 3.8.1 分组-- 这些分组如表1A所示。 表1A分组列表* 含水层 系数:地球 巩固 第18.24天 密度 校长 测量 主飞机 比重 强调 单位重量 波浪 *分组可以由小组委员会主席在编辑上添加或删除，因为分组在内部发生了变化 D653 . 3.8.1.1 子条款分组 --这些分组如表1B所示。 表1B子条款分组列表* ASTM水泥类型 层位或土层 水分当量 塑性平衡 剪切破坏或断裂破坏 现场调查 土壤结构 *分组可以由小组委员会主席在编辑上添加或删除，因为分组在内部发生了变化 D653 . 3.8.2 列表（参见 附录X3 )— 表1C列出了相关术语。该列表可能包括特定技术小组委员会（如D18）管辖的标准中定义的所有术语。 14、D18.24、D18.25和D18.26。 表1C相关术语列表* 压实 密度 有效的 比重 单位重量 *相关术语的列表可以由小组委员会主席编辑添加或删除，因为它们在内部发生了变化 D653 .

1.1 These definitions apply to many terms found in the Terminology section of standards of ASTM Committee D18. 1.2 This terminology standard defines terms related to soil, rock, and contained fluids found in the various sections of standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18. 1.3 Definitions of terms relating to frozen soils are contained in Terminology D7099 . 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 3.1 Definitions in this standard are to be regarded as the correct ones for terms found in other ASTM standards of Committee D18. Certain terms may be found in more than one standard issued under the jurisdiction of this committee and many of these terms have been placed in this standard. 3.2 Terms that are defined in some textbooks may differ slightly from those in this terminology standard. Definitions in this terminology standard are to be regarded as correct for ASTM usage. 3.3 See Appendix X1 for References. 3.4 Definitions marked with (ISRM) are included for the convenience of the user and were taken directly from the International Society for Rock Mechanics (see X1.3 ). 3.5 A number of the definitions include symbols. The symbols appear in italics immediately after the name of the term. 3.5.1 No significance should be placed on the order in which the symbols are presented where two or more are given for an individual term. 3.5.2 The symbols presented are examples; therefore, other symbols are acceptable. 3.5.3 See Appendix X2 for ISRM Symbols. 3.6 A number of definitions indicate the units of measurements in brackets and which follow the symbol(s) if given. The applicable units are indicated by italic capital letters, as follows: D —Dimensionless F —Force, such as pound-force, ton-force, newton L —Length, such as inch, foot, millimeter, and meter 4 M —Mass, such as kilogram, gram T —Time, such as second, minute 3.6.1 Positive exponents designate multiples in the numerator. Negative exponents designate multiples in the denominator. Degrees of angle are indicated as “degrees.” 3.6.2 Expressing the units either in SI or the inch-pound system has been purposely omitted in order to leave the choice of the system and specific unit to the engineer and the particular application, for example: FL −2 —may be expressed in pounds-force per square inch, kilopascals, tons per square foot, etc. LT −1 —may be expressed in feet per minute, meters per second, etc. 3.7 Where synonymous terms are cross-referenced, the definition is usually included with the earlier term alphabetically. Where this is not the case, the later term is the more significant. 3.8 Grouping of Definitions and Listing of Related Terms— To aide users in finding terms, this terminology standard provides grouping of definitions and listing of related terms. 3.8.1 Groupings— These groupings are presented in Table 1A. TABLE 1A Listing of Groupings* Aquifer Coefficients: Earth Consolidation D18.24 Density Head Measurement Principal Plane Specific Gravity Stress Unit Weight Wave *Groupings can be editorially added or removed by the subcommittee chair as they are changed within D653 . 3.8.1.1 Sub-Term Groupings —These groupings are presented in Table 1B. TABLE 1B Listing of Sub-Term Groupings* ASTM cement types horizon or soil horizon moisture equivalent plastic equilibrium shear failure or failure by rupture site investigation soil structure *Groupings can be editorially added or removed by the subcommittee chair as they are changed within D653 . 3.8.2 Listings (see Appendix X3 )— The listing of related terms is given in Table 1C. This listing may include all of the terms defined within standards under the jurisdiction of a specific technical subcommittee, such as D18.14, D18.24, D18.25, and D18.26. TABLE 1C Listing of Related Terms* compaction density effective specific gravity unit weight *Listings of related terms can be editorially added or removed by the subcommittee chair as they are changed within D653 .