1.1 本指南为制定受污染沉积物现场沉积物的代表性背景浓度提供了一个总体框架。它旨在告知、补充和支持（但不是取代）地方、州、部落、联邦或国际机构制定的要求或指导方针。 1.2 沉积物的技术上可辩护的代表性背景浓度对几个目的至关重要（指南 E3242 ) ( 1. ) 2. 这些措施包括沉积物现场划定、确定补救目标、补救措施选择、评估代表性背景浓度造成的风险以及建立适当的岗位- 补救监测计划。 1.3 作为本指南总体框架的一部分，指南 E3240 提供了关于概念场地模型（CSM）开发如何适应受污染沉积物场地基于风险的纠正措施框架的一般性讨论。然而，在制定沉积物现场沉积物的代表性背景浓度时，并非需要考虑CSM的所有元素；在第节中详细讨论了那些 7. 本指南。 1.3.1 随着额外数据的收集和分析，沉积物现场CSM应根据需要进行更新。 1.3.2 本指南与其他几个指南相关。 指导 E3344 描述了如何选择适当的背景参考区域。指导 E3164 涵盖了现场获取沉积物样本（无论是从沉积物现场还是背景参考区）所使用的采样方法，以及指南 E3163 讨论了用于沉积物样品中潜在关注污染物（PCOCs）化学分析的适当实验室方法。指导 E3242 描述了如何评估候选背景数据集（包括使用统计、地球化学和化学取证方法）以获得具有代表性的背景数据集，然后如何使用这些数据集来开发沉积物的代表性背景浓度。 指南中包含的相关内容 E3163 , E3164 , E3242 和 E3344 本文对其进行了总结，但应查阅个别指南以了解这些主题的更详细内容。 1.4 沉积物的代表性背景浓度通常用于根据各种监管计划执行的受污染沉积物纠正措施，包括《综合环境响应、赔偿和责任法案》（CERCLA）。尽管本指南中引用的许多参考文献都是以CERCLA为导向的，但本指南适用于根据地方、州、部落、联邦和国际纠正行动计划执行的纠正行动。 然而，本指南并未对每个司法管辖区的现有背景要求或指导进行详细说明。应对执行纠正措施的监管实体的要求进行审查，以确认其合规性。 1.5 本指南将最佳地应用于任何沉积物纠正措施计划的开始，但也可用于该计划的其他方面。 1.6 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.7 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 4.1 预期用途: 4.1.1 本指南可供参与沉积物纠正行动计划的各方使用，包括监管机构、项目发起人、环境顾问、毒理学家、风险评估师、现场修复专业人员、环境承包商和其他利益相关者。 4.2 CSM的重要性: 4.2.1 应根据需要更新和完善CSM，以描述沉积物纠正措施计划的物理特性、化学成分和发生、生物特征和环境条件（指南 E1689 ). 4.3 参考材料: 4.3.1 本指南应与中列出的其他ASTM指南一起使用 2.1 （尤其是指南 E3240 , E3242 和 E3344 ); 本指南还应与本指南末尾参考文献中的材料一起使用（包括 ( 1. ) ). 使用这些参考材料将指导用户制定沉积物现场沉积物的代表性背景浓度。 4.4 灵活的现场具体实施: 4.4.1 本指南提供了一个系统但灵活的框架，以适应监管机构和用户根据项目目标、场地复杂性、独特场地特征、监管要求、新制定的指南、新发布的科学研究、监管标准的变化、科学知识和技术能力的进步以及不可预见的情况而采取的方法的变化。 4.5 监管框架: 4.5.1 本指南适用于广泛的地方、州、部落、联邦或国际司法管辖区，每个司法管辖区都有自己独特的监管框架。 因此，本指南并不提供与任何这些监管框架相关的要求或指导的详细讨论，也无意取代适用的法规和指导。本指南的用户需要了解正在执行工作的司法管辖区的监管要求和指南。 4.6 系统的项目规划和范围界定过程: 4.6.1 在应用本指南时，用户应进行系统的项目规划和范围界定过程，以收集信息，帮助为特定项目做出特定地点、用户定义的决策，包括组建一支经验丰富的项目专业团队。 这些从业者应具备适当的专业知识，以确定、规划和执行沉积物数据采集和分析程序。该团队可能包括但不限于项目发起人、环境顾问、毒理学家、现场修复专业人员、分析化学家、地球化学家和统计学家。 4.7 其他注意事项: 4.7.1 本指南并没有详细描述开发沉积物代表性背景浓度的程序的所有主题。它旨在与其他指南（如指南 E3163 , E3164 , E3240 , E3242 和 E3344 )这样做。 4.7.2 本指南未详细介绍沉积物取样和实验室分析。指南 E3163 和 E3164 包含有关沉积物取样和实验室分析方法的广泛信息。 4.7.3 背景参考区域的选择在本指南中没有详细介绍，但在指南中进行了广泛描述 E3344 . 4.7.4 本指南未涵盖数据质量目标。中描述了数据质量目标 ( 2. ) . 4.7.5 本指南未详细介绍背景研究设计注意事项，但在包括指南在内的其他参考文献中进行了广泛描述 E3164 和 ( 3. ) . 4.7.6 本指南未详细介绍使用数据评估方法从候选背景数据集中开发具有代表性的背景数据集，但在指南中进行了更深入的讨论 E3242 . 4.7.6.1 指南中详细讨论了从候选背景数据集中识别和去除高非检测值的问题 E3242 . 4.7.6.2 在实践中详细讨论了从候选背景数据集中识别和去除异常值 E178 ，以及指南 E3242 . 4.7.6.3 指南详细讨论了用于评估候选背景数据集以获得代表性背景数据集的地球化学和化学取证方法 E3242 ; 在指南中讨论了它们在背景参考区域选择中的应用 E3344 . 4.7.7 指南中详细讨论了使用统计方法从具有代表性的背景数据集开发BTV E3242 . 4.7.8 指南中详细讨论了使用统计方法将具有代表性的背景数据集与沉积物现场数据集进行比较 E3242 . 4.7.9 本指南中没有全面讨论地理空间分析的注意事项，但在中对环境评估进行了更深入的讨论 ( 4. ) ，侧重于与地理空间分析相关的质量保证问题。 4.7.10 在本指南中，“沉淀物”( 3.1.8 )被定义为在水体底部发现的基质。沉积成因的高地土壤在本指南中不被视为沉积物。 4.7.11 在本指南中，仅考虑COC浓度。残余本底放射性超出范围。 4.8 本指南的结构和组成部分-- 本指南的用户应在继续使用前审查本指南的总体结构和组成部分，包括: 部分 1. 范围 部分 2. 参考文件 部分 3. 术语 部分 4. 意义和用途 部分 5. 沉积物现场沉积物的代表性背景浓度概述 部分 6. 制定沉积物现场沉积物代表性背景浓度的框架 部分 7. 制定沉积物场地沉积物代表性背景浓度时的概念场地模型考虑因素 部分 8. 关键词 工具书类

1.1 This guide provides an overarching framework for the development of representative background concentrations for sediment at contaminated sediment sites. It is intended to inform, complement, and support (but not supersede) the requirements or guidelines established by local, state, tribal, federal, or international agencies. 1.2 Technically defensible representative background concentrations for sediment are critical for several purposes (Guide E3242 ) ( 1 ) 2 . These include sediment site delineation, establishing remedial goals, remedy selection, assessment of risks posed by representative background concentrations, and establishing appropriate post-remedial monitoring plans. 1.3 As part of the overall framework presented in this guide, Guide E3240 provides a general discussion of how Conceptual Site Model (CSM) development fits into the risk-based corrective action framework for contaminated sediment sites. However, not all elements of a CSM need to be considered when developing representative background concentrations for sediment at a sediment site; those that do are discussed in detail in Section 7 of this guide. 1.3.1 As additional data are collected and analyzed, the sediment site CSM should be updated as needed. 1.3.2 This guide is related to several other guides. Guide E3344 describes how to select appropriate background reference areas. Guide E3164 covers the sampling methodologies used in the field to obtain sediment samples (whether from the sediment site or background reference areas), and Guide E3163 discusses appropriate laboratory methodologies to use for the chemical analysis of potential contaminants of concern (PCOCs) in sediment samples. Guide E3242 describes how to evaluate candidate background data sets (including the use of statistical, geochemical, and chemical forensic methodologies) to obtain representative background data sets and then how to use these data sets to develop representative background concentrations for sediment. Relevant content contained in Guides E3163 , E3164 , E3242 , and E3344 is summarized herein, but the individual guides should be consulted for more detailed coverage of these topics. 1.4 Representative background concentrations for sediment are typically used in contaminated sediment corrective actions performed under various regulatory programs, including the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). Although many of the references cited in this guide are CERCLA oriented, the guide is applicable to corrective actions performed under local, state, tribal, federal, and international corrective action programs. However, this guide does not provide a detailed description of the existing background requirements or guidance for each jurisdiction. The requirements for the regulatory entity under which the corrective action is being performed should be reviewed to confirm compliance. 1.5 This guide would optimally be applied at the start of any sediment corrective action program but can be used at other points in the program as well. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 Intended Use: 4.1.1 This guide may be used by various parties involved in sediment corrective action programs, including regulatory agencies, project sponsors, environmental consultants, toxicologists, risk assessors, site remediation professionals, environmental contractors, and other stakeholders. 4.2 Importance of the CSM: 4.2.1 The CSM should be updated as needed and refined to describe the physical properties, chemical composition and occurrence, biological features, and environmental conditions of the sediment corrective action program (Guide E1689 ). 4.3 Reference Material: 4.3.1 This guide should be used in conjunction with other ASTM guides listed in 2.1 (especially Guides E3240 , E3242 , and E3344 ); this guide should also be used in conjunction with the material in the References at the end of this guide (including ( 1 ) ). Using these reference materials will direct the user in developing representative background concentrations for sediment at a sediment site. 4.4 Flexible Site-Specific Implementation: 4.4.1 This guide provides a systematic but flexible framework to accommodate variations in approaches by regulatory agencies and by the user based on project objectives, site complexity, unique site features, regulatory requirements, newly developed guidance, newly published scientific research, changes in regulatory criteria, advances in scientific knowledge and technical capability, and unforeseen circumstances. 4.5 Regulatory Frameworks: 4.5.1 This guide is intended to be applicable to a broad range of local, state, tribal, federal, or international jurisdictions, each with its own unique regulatory framework. As such, this guide does not provide a detailed discussion of the requirements or guidance associated with any of these regulatory frameworks, nor is it intended to supplant applicable regulations and guidance. The user of this guide will need to be aware of the regulatory requirements and guidance in the jurisdiction where the work is being performed. 4.6 Systematic Project Planning and Scoping Process: 4.6.1 When applying this guide, the user should undertake a systematic project planning and scoping process to collect information to assist in making site-specific, user-defined decisions for a particular project, including assembling an experienced team of project professionals. These practitioners should have the appropriate expertise to scope, plan, and execute a sediment data acquisition and analysis program. This team may include, but is not limited to, project sponsors, environmental consultants, toxicologists, site remediation professionals, analytical chemists, geochemists, and statisticians. 4.7 Other Considerations: 4.7.1 This guide does not provide a detailed description of all topics of a program to develop representative background concentrations for sediment. It is meant to be used in conjunction with other guides (such as Guides E3163 , E3164 , E3240 , E3242 , and E3344 ) to do so. 4.7.2 Sediment sampling and laboratory analyses are not covered in detail in this guide. Guides E3163 and E3164 contain extensive information concerning sediment sampling and laboratory analysis methodologies. 4.7.3 The selection of background reference areas is not covered in detail in this guide but is extensively described in Guide E3344 . 4.7.4 Data quality objectives are not covered in this guide. Data quality objectives are described in ( 2 ) . 4.7.5 Background study design considerations are not covered in detail in this guide, but are extensively described in other references, including Guide E3164 and ( 3 ) . 4.7.6 The use of data evaluation methodologies to develop representative background data sets from candidate background data sets is not covered in detail in this guide but is discussed in more depth in Guide E3242 . 4.7.6.1 Identification and removal of high nondetect values from candidate background data sets are discussed in detail in Guide E3242 . 4.7.6.2 Identification and removal of outliers from candidate background data sets are discussed in detail in Practice E178 , as well as Guide E3242 . 4.7.6.3 Geochemical and chemical forensic methodologies used in evaluating candidate background data sets to obtain representative background data sets are discussed in detail in Guide E3242 ; their applications during background reference area selection are discussed in Guide E3344 . 4.7.7 The use of statistical methods to develop BTVs from representative background data sets are discussed in detail in Guide E3242 . 4.7.8 The use of statistical methods to compare representative background data sets to the sediment site data sets are discussed in detail in Guide E3242 . 4.7.9 Geospatial analysis considerations are not thoroughly discussed in this guidance but are discussed in more depth relative to environmental evaluations in ( 4 ) , which focuses on quality assurance concerns relative to geospatial analyses. 4.7.10 In this guide, “sediment” ( 3.1.8 ) is defined as a matrix being found at the bottom of a water body. Upland soils of sedimentary origin are excluded from consideration as sediment in this guide. 4.7.11 In this guide, only COC concentrations are considered. Residual background radioactivity is out of scope. 4.8 Structure and Components of This Guide— The user of this guide should review the overall structure and components of this guide before proceeding with use, including: Section 1 Scope Section 2 Referenced Documents Section 3 Terminology Section 4 Significance and Use Section 5 Overview of Representative Background Concentrations for Sediment at Sediment Sites Section 6 Framework for Developing Representative Background Concentrations for Sediment at Sediment Sites Section 7 Conceptual Site Model Considerations When Developing Representative Background Concentrations for Sediment at Sediment Sites Section 8 Keywords References