在弗吉尼亚州，对现有的绿砂过滤系统进行了评估，以评估此类系统去除铁和锰的长期可行性。对处理效率、操作和维护问题进行评估，以确定绿砂技术的正确应用。目前用于去除铁和锰的方法包括:先氧化后过滤、绿砂过滤、石灰-苏打软化、离子交换和隔离。在本文中，对锰绿砂过滤进行了评估，以确定其在含铁和含锰供水处理中的价值。具体的安装表明，对于某些低浊度的地下水供应，锰绿砂是一种成本较低的去除过程。一些市政当局通过使用绿沙实现了很好的铁和锰去除。 弗吉尼亚州的设施将铁和锰的浓度分别从5 ppm降至0.05 ppm和0.7 ppm降至0.03 ppm。这些成品水浓度明显低于EPA的最高污染物水平。在对除铁和除锰处理技术的评估中，当适用于适当的水源和操作条件时，锰绿砂是首选技术。

In the State of Virginia, an evaluation of existing greensand filtration systems was conducted to assess the long term viability of such systems for the removal of iron and manganese. Treatment efficiency, and operation and maintenance concerns were evaluated to determine the proper application of greensand technology. Methods currently used to remove iron and manganese include: oxidation followed by filtration, greensand filtration, lime-soda softening, ion exchange, and sequestering. For this paper, manganese greensand filtration was evaluated to determine its value in the treatment of iron and manganese laden water supplies. Specific installations have shown manganese greensand to be a less costly removal process for certain groundwater supplies with low turbidity. Some municipalities have achieved very good iron and manganese removal with the use of greensand. Virginia installations reduced concentrations for iron and manganese from 5 ppm to 0.05 ppm and 0.7 ppm to 0.03 ppm, respectively. These finish water concentrations are significantly lower than the EPA's Maximum Contaminant Levels. In the evaluation of iron and manganese removal treatment technologies, manganese greensand is a preferred technology when applied to the appropriate water source and operational conditions.