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现行 ASTM D8281/D8281M-21
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Standard Test Method for Determining the Presence of Expanding Clays in Rock for Erosion Control Using Ethylene Glycol 用乙二醇测定侵蚀控制用岩石中膨胀粘土含量的标准试验方法
发布日期: 2021-05-01
1.1 本试验方法包括测试和定量测定岩石中蒙脱石组膨胀粘土的存在情况,以控制侵蚀。试验颗粒旨在代表侵蚀控制岩石及其耐久性。该试验适用于防波堤石、护面石、抛石和石笼大小的岩石材料。 1.2 乙二醇是与膨胀粘土反应形成有机粘土复合体的材料之一,其基底间距大于粘土矿物本身的基底间距。在乙二醇中浸泡后,预计含有蒙脱石组膨胀粘土的岩石将发生膨胀破裂。如果乙二醇的数量、分布、膨胀状态和吸收乙二醇的能力导致发生此类破裂,则可以预计,暴露在水中更长时间的湿润和干燥或冻融的类似岩石样品可能会发生类似破裂- 使用中的浸泡条件。 1.3 岩石样本的制备尺寸可能会消除总体结构中存在的一些内部特征。试样可能无法代表施工中使用的较大岩石样品的质量。仔细检查岩源和适当采样对于最大限度地减少这一限制至关重要。 1.3.1 该测试耗时较长,需要两周以上才能完成程序中的样品制备、测试和分析部分。 1.4 使用再生混凝土和天然岩石以外的材料不在本试验方法的范围内。 1.5 单位- 以国际单位制或英寸-磅单位表示的数值应单独视为标准值。每个系统中规定的值可能不是精确的等效值;因此,每个系统应相互独立使用。将两个系统的值合并可能会导致- 符合标准。以国际单位制以外的单位报告试验结果不应视为不符合本标准。 1.5.1 在处理英寸磅单位时,使用英寸磅单位的重力系统。在这个系统中,磅(lbf)表示力(重量)的单位,而质量的单位是段塞。除非涉及动态(F=ma)计算,否则不会给出缓动单元。 1.5.2 为仪器提供的国际单位制是英寸磅单位的替代品,如果其他类似的国际单位制满足英寸磅仪器制定的技术要求,则可以接受。 1.5.3 工程/建筑行业的常见做法是同时使用磅来表示质量单位(lbm)和力(lbf)。这种做法隐含地结合了两个独立的单位系统:绝对系统和引力系统。 在一个标准中结合使用两套独立的英寸-磅单位在科学上是不可取的。如前所述,本标准包括英寸-磅单位的重力系统,不使用/呈现质量的段塞单位。然而,使用天平或天平记录磅质量(lbm)或记录密度(lbm/ft) 3. 不应视为不符合本标准。 1.5.4 仅使用一组单元进行计算;SI或重力英寸磅。允许使用其他单位,前提是在整个计算过程中使用适当的转换因子来保持单位的一致性,并保持类似的有效数字或分辨率,或两者都保持。 1.6 所有观察值和计算值应符合实践中确定的有效数字和舍入准则 D6026 ,除非被本标准取代。 1.6.1 为了将测量值或计算值与规定限值进行比较,测量值或计算值应四舍五入至规定限值中最接近的小数或有效数字。 1.6.2 本标准中用于规定如何收集/记录或计算数据的程序被视为行业标准。此外,它们代表了通常应保留的有效数字。使用的程序不考虑材料变化、获取数据的目的、特殊目的研究或用户目标的任何考虑因素;通常的做法是增加或减少报告数据的有效位数,以与这些考虑因素相称。考虑工程设计分析方法中使用的有效数字超出了本标准的范围。 1.7 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题(如有)。 本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践,并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.8 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 5.1 用于侵蚀控制的岩石由单独的天然采石或大漂石和鹅卵石组成。这些石块抵抗风化作用引起的劣化的能力影响了用于侵蚀控制的岩石整体放置的稳定性,从而影响了建筑项目、结构、海岸线和河岸的稳定性。 5.2 本试验中石头的劣化是一个指标,表明暴露在湿/干和冻/融循环中的类似样品可能在使用中的浸水环境条件下分解。 5.3 本试验方法与实践中列出的其他试验方法结合使用 D4992 . 该试验方法提供了一个定量值,表明潜在的耐候性;然而,本试验方法的结果不能作为确定岩石耐久性的唯一依据。 注1: 本标准产生的结果的质量取决于执行该标准的人员的能力,以及所用设备和设施的适用性。符合实践标准的机构 D3740 通常认为能够胜任和客观的测试/采样/检查等。本标准的用户应注意遵守惯例 D3740 本身并不能保证可靠的结果。可靠的结果取决于许多因素;实践 D3740 提供了一种评估其中一些因素的方法。
1.1 This test method covers the testing for and quantitative determination of the presence of swelling clays of the smectite group in rock for erosion control. The test particles are intended to be representative of erosion control rock and its durability. The test is appropriate for breakwater stone, armor stone, riprap and gabion sized rock materials. 1.2 Ethylene glycol is one of the materials that react with swelling clays to form an organoclay complex having a larger basal spacing than that of the clay mineral itself. Rock containing swelling clay of the smectite group will be expected to undergo expansive breakdown upon soaking in ethylene glycol. If the amount, distribution, state of expansion, and ability to take up glycol is such as to cause such breakdown to occur, it may be expected that similar breakdown may occur of similar rock samples exposed, for longer times, to wetting and drying or freezing and thawing in a water-soaked condition in service. 1.3 The prepared size of the rock specimens may eliminate some of the internal features present in the gross structure. The test specimens may not be representative of the quality of the larger rock samples used in construction. Careful examination of the rock source and proper sampling are essential in minimizing this limitation. 1.3.1 The test is time intensive and requires over two weeks to complete the sample preparation, testing and analysis portions of the procedure. 1.4 The use of reclaimed concrete and materials other than natural rock is beyond the scope of this test method. 1.5 Units— The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard. 1.5.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The slug unit is not given unless dynamic (F=ma) calculations are involved. 1.5.2 The SI units presented for apparatus are substitutions of the inch-pound units, other similar SI units should be acceptable providing they meet the technical requirements established by the inch-pound apparatus. 1.5.3 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and force (lbf). This practice implicitly combines two separate systems of units: the absolute and the gravitational systems. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitational system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug unit for mass. However, the use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft 3 shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard. 1.5.4 Calculations are done using only one set of units; either SI or gravitational inch pound. Other units are permissible provided appropriate conversion factors are used to maintain consistency of units throughout the calculations, and similar significant digits or resolution, or both are maintained. 1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026 , unless superseded by this standard. 1.6.1 For purposes of comparing measured or calculated value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant digits in the specified limits. 1.6.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 Rock for erosion control consists of individual pieces of natural quarried stone or large boulders and cobbles. The ability of these individual pieces of stone to resist deterioration due to weathering action affects the stability of the integral placement of rock for erosion control and hence, the stability of construction projects, structures, shorelines, and stream banks. 5.2 Deterioration of stone in this test is one indicator that similar samples exposed to wet/dry and freeze/thaw cycles may break down in a water-soaked environment condition in service. 5.3 This test method was developed to be used in conjunction with additional test methods listed in Practice D4992 . This test method provides a quantitative value indicating potential resistance to weathering; however, the results of this test method are not to be used as the sole basis for the determination of rock durability. Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent upon the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluation some of those factors.
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归口单位: D18.17
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