1.1 这些测试方法包括纺织材料中水分的测量，如 (1) 使用环境空气进行烘箱干燥时的含水量或水分吸收， (2) 使用标准大气测试烘箱干燥用纺织品的含水量或吸光度， (3) 水分平衡时的含水量或吸水率，以及 (4) 回潮率。这些测试方法适用于所有天然或人造纤维，以及从纤维或长丝到成品织物的所有形式的纤维，但须符合 1.1.1 通过 1.1.4 . 纤维混合物也应通过这些方法进行测试。 1.1.1 程序1- 这种烘箱干燥技术，使用加热到105°C的环境空气，应在任何情况下使用，在这种情况下，使用简单方便的方法进行常规过程控制或- 需要对植物进行评估，以确定含水量或吸水率的近似值。不建议将其用于黄麻或油脂棉，或用于商业交易中的验收测试。 1.1.2 程序2- 烘箱干燥技术，使用标准大气空气中的空气来测试加热至105°C的纺织品和其他技术改进，应作为所有材料商业交易的基础，已知待测试材料上或中不存在大量非水挥发物。 注1: 程序2的空气供应已从干燥空气更改为测试纺织品的标准大气中的空气，因为后者是常用的，并且在测试方法中有规定 D494页 对于商业批量装运。但是，根据协议，可以使用干燥空气。 1.1.3 程序3- 这种烘箱干燥技术使用在指定条件下处于水分平衡的样品，以及具有指定温度和相对湿度的空气供应的烘箱，加热至105°C，以及其他技术改进。该程序用于确定平衡条件下材料的含水量或吸水率，通常是测试纺织品的标准大气。 注2: 之前使用甲苯蒸馏法测定水分的程序3已从该方法中删除，因为它基本上与试验方法相同 D2462 在任何情况下，哪种方法是黄麻和油脂棉的首选方法。 试验方法 D2462 是已知或怀疑存在大量非水和非水溶性挥发物的任何材料的首选方法。 1.1.4 程序4- 这种新技术用于在通过适当程序提取材料（如果存在表面材料）并在真空中低温干燥后，测定材料在指定条件下回收的实际水分 1.2 在程序1、2和3中，描述了称量烘干样本的替代技术:在烘箱中加热，在烘箱外室温。 1.3 文字 水 指化合物H 2. 0.条款 水 和 潮湿 在文献和贸易中经常互换使用，即使已知“水分”含有其他挥发性物质。 当烘箱暴露期间的损失不全是水时，为了技术准确性，应将其视为“挥发物损失”而不是“水分损失”。 1.4 水分计算通常涉及通过在烘箱中加热干燥的样本的质量。如果烘箱中的空气含有水分，即使质量不再发生显著变化，烘箱干燥的试样也将含有水分（与烘箱空气中的水分平衡）。因此，如果需要对存在的水分进行非常精确的测量，并使用烘箱干燥，则必须将质量暴露在干燥空气中，直到质量不再发生显著变化。 注3: 其他与纺织材料水分测定相关的ASTM标准为试验方法 D1576 , D2495 和 D2118 . 1.5 以国际单位制表示的数值应视为标准值。国际单位制后括号中给出的值仅供参考，不被视为标准值。 1.6 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.7 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 5.1 试验方法 D2654 ，程序1，在贸易中用作拒收异常潮湿材料的依据，但不建议用于商业装运的常规验收测试。程序2由行业使用，建议用于商业装运的验收测试，除非另有规定 注1 . 程序3用于确定给定水分平衡情况下材料中的水分，不用于商业装运的验收测试。程序4用于研究和开发，建议用于确定材料的标准回潮率，尽管买方和生产商的数据之间通常存在偏差，因为产品通常能够获得无表面材料的材料，主要是饰面材料。 5.1.1 如果因使用测试方法时报告的测试结果的差异而产生争议 D2654 对于商业装运的验收测试，买方和供应商应进行比较测试，以确定其实验室之间是否存在统计偏差。建议为调查偏差提供称职的统计协助。作为最低要求，双方应尽可能均匀地从所述类型的大量材料中选取一组试样。然后，应将试样以相同数量随机分配给每个实验室进行测试。两个实验室的平均结果应使用未配对数据的学生l检验和双方在测试开始前选择的可接受概率水平进行比较。 如果发现偏差，必须找到并纠正其原因，或者买方和供应商必须同意根据已知偏差解释未来的测试结果。 5.2 由于以下几个原因，水分测量很重要: 5.2.1 大量的纤维和含有一些水的纺织制品是按质量买卖的。特定商品的价值随着其所含水量的变化而在很大范围内变化。 5.2.2 除了接收材料时存在的水分的影响外，测试和后续处理和加工时存在的水分可能非常重要。 5.2.2.1 一些纺织纤维，特别是纤维素纤维和羊毛，其物理性能随存在的水分量而显著变化，例如抗拉强度、卷曲度、扭转刚度等。 5.2.2.2 最佳加工条件（如梳理）包括水分作为一个重要参数。 5.2.2.3 加工过程中对混合物的控制有时严重取决于成分中的水分。 5.2.2.4 纺织产品的生产要满足每单位面积织物质量和纱线线密度的规格，取决于对水分的控制。 5.2.2.5 纤维混合物的定量分析需要有关存在水分的信息。（见试验方法 D629页 .) 5.3 在程序1和2之间，使用的选择主要取决于结果所需的准确度。它们是烘箱干燥程序，具有简单和经济的优点，程序1具有不需要烘箱特殊干燥气氛的附加特征。 然而，这两者都受到某些限制，甲苯蒸馏可以避免这些限制( 注释2 ). 5.3.1 由于程序1使用环境空气，程序2使用标准大气中的空气来测试纺织品，因此烘箱干燥样品的质量略大于空气无水时的质量。这是由于在空气供应中的水分和样本中的水分之间建立了水分平衡。误差通常很小，但对于在105°C温度下使用湿热环境空气干燥的羊毛，烘干样品中的残留水分可能高达1%或更多（见试验方法表1和2） D584 ). 当环境空气的温度和相对湿度已知时，应估计羊毛、棉花、丝绸、粘胶人造丝、铜氨人造丝或醋酸盐样本所保留的水分量。 4. 烘箱干燥中潜在误差的另一个来源是当存在此类材料时，除水外的挥发性物质的损失。 5.4 有时，在对材料进行取样以测定水分时，选择尺寸与试样方法所需尺寸一致的取样单元是可能的，并且更可取。在这些情况下，应立即测定质量，如果要测定烘干材料的质量，则无需中间步骤。然而，在其他情况下，需要对材质执行一些中间操作，例如合成或子采样。在这种情况下，为了避免取样后水分损失或增加的问题，这些方法中规定了在工作实验室大气中稳定材料的方法，并提供了带有校正项的等式，以将测量的水分与取样时存在的量相关联。 5.5 虽然回潮率不是经常测试的特性，但一旦确定，它就具有重要意义。商业水分恢复（见表1 D1909 )是用于确定符合政府法规的商业质量和纤维混合物的数值。这些值通常略高于实验标准回潮率值或具有范围的类别的平均值。 5.6 纤维回潮率的测量受存在的任何表面材料、用于去除材料的程序（技术、溶剂）、达到的干燥度和干燥材料所处的大气（温度、湿度）的影响。

1.1 These test methods cover measurement of moisture in textile materials as (1) moisture content or pick-up using ambient air for oven-drying, (2) moisture content or pick-up using standard atmosphere for testing textiles for oven-drying, (3) moisture content or pick-up at moisture equilibrium, and (4) moisture regain. These test methods are applicable to all fibers natural or man-made, and in all forms from fiber or filament to finished fabric, subject to the limitations set forth in 1.1.1 through 1.1.4 . Blends of fibers shall also be tested by these methods. 1.1.1 Procedure 1— This oven-drying technique, using ambient air heated to 105 °C, shall be used in any situation in which a simple and convenient method for routine process control or when in-plant evaluation is needed to determine an approximation of the moisture content or pickup. It is not recommended for jute or grease wool, or for acceptance testing in commercial transactions. 1.1.2 Procedure 2— Oven-drying technique, using air from the standard atmosphere air for testing textiles that is heated to 105 °C and other refinements in technique, shall be used as a basis for commercial transactions for all materials for which it is known that no significant quantity of non-aqueous volatile matter is present on, or in, the material to be tested. Note 1: The air supply for Procedure 2 has been changed from desiccated air to the air from the standard atmosphere for testing textiles because the latter is in common use and is prescribed in Test Method D494 for commercial mass of a shipment. By agreement, however, desiccated air may be used. 1.1.3 Procedure 3— This oven-drying technique uses specimens in moisture-equilibrium under specified conditions and an oven with an air supply of specified temperature and relative humidity heated to 105 °C, and other refinements in technique. The procedure is used to determine the moisture content or pickup of a material in equilibrium conditions, usually the standard atmosphere for testing textiles. Note 2: The previous Procedure 3 for determining moisture using distillation with toluene has been dropped from this method because it is essentially the same as Test Method D2462 which is the preferred method for jute and grease wool in any circumstance. Test Method D2462 is the preferred method for any material in which it is known, or suspected, that a significant quantity of nonaqueous and non-water miscible volatile matter is present. 1.1.4 Procedure 4— This new technique is for determination of actual moisture regained by a material under specified conditions after the material has been extracted by a suitable procedure, if surface materials are present, and dried in vacuum at a low temperature 1.2 In Procedures 1, 2, and 3, alternative techniques are described for weighing oven-dried specimens: in the oven while hot, and outside the oven at room temperature. 1.3 The word water refers to the chemical compound H 2 0. The terms water and moisture are frequently used interchangeably in the literature and in the trade even when the “moisture” is known to contain other volatile materials. When the loss during oven exposure is not known to be all water, it shall be considered a “volatiles loss” rather than a “moisture loss” for technical accuracy. 1.4 Moisture calculations commonly involve the mass of a specimen that has been dried by heating in an oven. If the air in the oven contains moisture, the oven-dried specimen will contain moisture (in equilibrium with that in the oven air) even when it no longer shows a significant change in mass. Therefore, if a very precise measurement of the moisture present is required and oven drying is used, the mass must be exposed to desiccated air until it shows no further significant change in mass. Note 3: Other ASTM Standards related to the determination of moisture of textile materials are Test Methods D1576 , D2495 , and D2118 . 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 Test Methods D2654 , Procedure 1, is used in the trade as a basis for rejecting abnormally wet material, but it is not recommended for routine acceptance testing of commercial shipment. Procedure 2 is used by the trade and is recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments except as stated in Note 1 . Procedure 3 is used to determine the moisture in a material in a given moisture-equilibrium situation and is not used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. Procedure 4 is for research and development and is recommended for determining the standard moisture regain of a material although there will usually be a bias between buyer and producer data because the produce is usually able to obtain material without surface material, mostly finishes. 5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D2654 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier shall conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties shall take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens shall then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories shall be compared using student's l-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias. 5.2 The measurement of moisture is important for several reasons, including the following: 5.2.1 Large quantities of fibers and manufactured textile products containing some water are bought and sold on the basis of mass. The value of a particular commodity varies over a significant range with a variation in the amount of water it contains. 5.2.2 Besides the effect of the moisture present when the material is received, the moisture present at the time of testing and subsequent handling and processing can be quite important. 5.2.2.1 Some textile fibers, particularly cellulosic fibers and wool, have physical properties that vary significantly with the amount of moisture present, such as tensile strength, crimp, torsional rigidity, etc. 5.2.2.2 Optimum conditions for processing, such as in carding, include moisture as an important parameter. 5.2.2.3 Control of blends during processing is sometimes critically dependent on the moisture present in the components. 5.2.2.4 Production of textile products to meet specifications for mass per unit area of fabric and the linear density of yarn depends on control of moisture. 5.2.2.5 Quantitative analysis of fiber mixtures requires information on moisture present. (See Test Methods D629 .) 5.3 Between Procedures 1 and 2, the choice for use is dependent primarily on the degree of accuracy required in the result. They are oven-drying procedures and have the virtue of simplicity and economy, with Procedure 1 having the added feature of not requiring a special drying atmosphere for the oven. Both are subject to certain limitations, however, that are avoided by toluene distillation ( Note 2 ). 5.3.1 Because Procedure 1 uses ambient air and Procedure 2 uses air from the standard atmosphere for testing textiles, the mass of the oven-dry specimen is somewhat greater than it would be if the air were without water. This is due to the establishment of moisture-equilibrium between the moisture in the air supply and the moisture in the specimen. The error is usually slight, but in the case of wool dried at 105 °C with the use of ambient air that is hot and humid, the residual moisture in the oven-dry specimen can be as high as 1 % or more (see Tables 1 and 2 of Test Method D584 ). When the temperature and relative humidity of the ambient air are known, the amount of moisture retained by a specimen of wool, cotton, silk, viscose rayon, cuprammonium rayon, or acetate shall be estimated data. 4 An additional source of potential error in oven-drying is the loss of volatile matter other than water when such material is present. 5.4 It is sometimes possible, and preferable, when sampling a material for the determination of moisture to select sampling units of a size which coincide with the size required by the method for a test specimen. In these instances, the mass shall be determined immediately, and if the mass of the oven-dry material is to be determined, no intermediate steps are necessary. However, in other instances, it will be necessary to perform some intermediate manipulation with the material, such as compositing or subsampling. For such instances to circumvent the problem of moisture loss or gain after sampling, provisions are made in these methods to stabilize the material in the working laboratory atmosphere, and equations are provided with correction terms to relate the measured moisture to the amount which existed at the time when the sample was taken. 5.5 While moisture regain is not a frequently tested property, it has an importance, once established. Commercial moisture regains (see Table 1 in D1909 ) are values adopted for use in determining commercial mass and fiber blends which meet government regulations. These values are usually slightly higher than experimental standard moisture regain values or an average for a class which has a range. 5.6 The measurement of moisture regain of a fiber is affected by any surface material present, the procedure (technique, solvent) used to remove the material, the dryness achieved and the atmosphere (temperature, humidity) in which the dry material is conditioned.