本研究确定了与脱盐相关的一系列综合挑战，包括 水质问题、环境影响、能源使用、集中管理、， 经济、社会和政治考虑。调查和案例研究 海水淡化项目通过筛选现有文献和采访当地居民进行 水资源管理局、环保组织和监管机构。收集到的信息是 用于制定决策框架，以帮助水行业进行 进行海水淡化评估，并帮助决策者在评估过程中克服障碍 实施海水淡化。因为每种脱盐技术都有其独特的技术， 由于经济、环境等方面的特点，本研究旨在重点研究海水淡化 使用膜技术的海水。 研究目标通过三个阶段实现:数据收集；个案研究 分析以及对海水淡化技术实施的关键评估。数据收集非常困难 通过文献回顾、专家研讨会和效用调查实现。全面的 审查超过320份灰色和同行评审的文献、技术报告， 审查了政府文件。举办了一次专家研讨会，其中包括: 公用事业代表、专业顾问和监管机构进一步确定 与脱盐规划和操作相关的问题。此外，还进行了调查 与国内外不同容量、不同地理位置的公用事业公司合作， 规划淡化阶段，处理不同类型的受损水。 选择了四个案例研究，分别代表沿海海水淡化和南部海水淡化 加利福尼亚、佛罗里达、澳大利亚和以色列。案例研究允许比较这些值 对不同社会和地理区域的海水淡化进行了分析，并强调了 社区需要和条件。最后，为一个项目开发了一个结构框架 实施脱盐的多标准评估。该框架包含了以下选项: 增加供水、海水淡化的环境影响、海水淡化的经济性、， 技术和水质、能源、公众认知和政治、许可以及 风险缓解策略。包括15个参考文献，表1。

This study identifies a comprehensive set of challenges associated with desalination including water quality concerns, environmental impacts, energy use, concentrated management, economics, and social and political considerations. Surveys and case studies with multiple desalination projects were conducted by screening available literatures, and interviewing local water authorities, environmental groups and regulatory agencies. The information gathered was used to develop a decision making framework to aid the water industry in conducting desalination assessments, and help decision makers to overcome barriers during the implementation of desalination. Because each desalination technology has its unique technical, economic, and environmental characteristics, this study was designed to focus on desalination of seawater using membrane technologies. Research objectives were achieved by means of three phases: data collection; case study analysis; and, critical assessment of implementing desalination technologies. Data collection was achieved through literature review, expert workshop, and utility survey. A comprehensive review of over three hundred twenty grey and peer-reviewed literature, technical reports, government documents were examined. An expert workshop was conducted which included utilities representatives, specialty consultants, and regulatory agencies to further identify growing concerns associated with desalination planning and operations. In addition, surveys were conducted with utilities, both nationally and internationally, of varying capacity, geographic, planning stages of desalination, treating different types of impaired water. Four case studies were selected, representing coastal desalination and including Southern California, Florida, Australia, and Israel. The case studies allowed the comparison of the values of desalination in different social and geographic areas and highlighted the differences in community needs and conditions. Finally, a structural framework was then developed for a multi-criteria assessment of implementing desalination. The framework incorporated options for augmenting water supplies, environmental impacts of desalination, economics of desalination, technology and water quality, energy, public perception and politics, and permitting, as well as risk mitigating strategies. Includes 15 references, table.