本powerpoint演示文稿首先简要概述了水资源短缺和再利用障碍、渗透驱动膜工艺和混合正渗透（FO）/反渗透（RO）工艺。项目目标是:调查用于受损/再生水预处理的正渗透工艺的性能和局限性，以及FO/RO脱盐混合系统的性能和局限性及其对膜污染和有机溶质截留的影响；并为FO/RO混合系统提出建议和成本估算。 实验方法包括:小型正渗透系统；正渗透和反渗透膜；基线性能测试（台架）；短期污垢（台架）；长期污染/拒绝（试点）；溶液化学。介绍了溶质运移和经济可行性建模，并得出以下结论:通量；污垢；多重屏障可充分排除微量污染物；而且，该工艺在广泛的操作参数范围内是可行的。包括表格、数字。

This powerpoint presentation begins by providing a brief overview of water scarcity and barriers to reuse, osmotically driven membrane processes, and a hybrid forward osmosis (FO)/reverse osmosis (RO) process. Project objectives were to: investigate the performance and limitations of the forward osmosis process for pretreatment of impaired/reclaimed water, and of the combined FO/RO desalination hybrid system and its effects on membrane fouling and organic solute rejection; and, to develop recommendations and cost estimates for an FO/RO hybrid system. Experimental methods included: the bench-scale forward osmosis system; forward osmosis and reverse osmosis membranes; baseline performance test (bench); short-term fouling (bench); long-term fouling/rejection (pilot); and, solution chemistry. Solute transport and modeling of economic feasibility are presented, and conclusions are provided for: flux; fouling; multiple barriers provide adequate rejection of trace contaminants; and, the process is feasible over a wide range of operational parameters. Includes tables, figures.