1.1 本指南涵盖了为废物管理活动选择用于收集环境和废物样品的采样设备时应考虑的标准。本指南包括已使用且随时可用的设备列表。本指南中未具体包括许多专用采样设备。然而，在选择任何一件设备时，应权衡的因素都包括在内，并且在选择任何一件设备时保持不变。本指南中描述的采样设备包括自动取样器、泵、捞筒、管子、勺子、勺子、铲子、挖泥船、取芯、螺旋钻、被动和蒸汽采样设备。采样位置的选择不在本指南的范围内。 1.1.1 桌子 1列出了所选设备及其对采样矩阵的适用性，包括水（地表和地面）、沉积物、土壤、液体、多- 分层液体、混合固液相、固结和未固结固体。本指南并未具体说明从流动的河流或溪流中收集任何悬浮物质的样本。请参阅指南 D4411 了解更多信息。 1.2 桌子 2.根据样品和设备的兼容性，提供相同的设备清单及其适用性；所需样品的体积；物理要求，如功率、尺寸和重量；易于操作和去污；以及它是可重复使用的还是一次性的。 1.3 桌子 3提供了使用指数选择合适设备的依据。 1.4 还提供了所选采样装置的优缺点列表以及描述采样装置操作的线路图和叙述。 1.5 单位- 以国际单位制表示的数值应视为标准值。本标准不包括其他计量单位。所有观察值和计算值应符合实践中确定的有效数字和舍入准则 D6026 . 以国际单位制以外的单位报告试验结果不应视为不符合本标准。 1.6 本指南提供了有组织的信息收集或一系列选项，并不推荐具体的行动方案。本文件不能取代教育或经验，应与专业判断一起使用。并非本指南的所有方面都适用于所有情况。本ASTM标准不代表或取代必须根据其判断给定专业服务的充分性的谨慎标准，也不应在不考虑项目的许多独特方面的情况下应用本文件。 本文件标题中的“标准”一词仅表示该文件已通过ASTM共识程序获得批准。 1.7 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.8 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 5.1 尽管许多技术论文论述了对高效准确抽样调查重要的主题（DQOs、研究设计、QA/QC、数据评估；见指南） D4687 , D5730 , D6009年 , D6051 ，并练习 D5283 )假设或省略了适当采样设备的选择和使用。 5.2 采样设备的选择对于采集适合预期用途的样本至关重要。 5.3 采集样本时，不仅在选择和使用采样设备时，而且在解释和使用生成的数据时，应考虑所有潜在偏差来源。以下列出了选择样本采集设备的一些主要注意事项: 5.3.1 从目标人群中的每个相关位置访问和提取的能力， 5.3.2 能够收集足够质量的样本，以表示总体中的粒径分布，以及 5.3.3 在不增加或损失感兴趣成分的情况下采集样本的能力。 5.4 中讨论的特征 5.3 当目标群体是异质的时，例如当颗粒大小不同、液体以不同的相存在、存在气相或群体中存在来自不同来源的材料时，在研究中尤为重要。在设备选择过程中考虑这些特征将使数据用户能够根据采样结果对目标人群进行适当的统计推断。 5.5 如果要采集样本以测定per- 和聚氟烷基物质（PFAS），所有采样设备应采用无氟材料。PFAS采样可能存在其他考虑因素，但不在本标准范围内。

1.1 This guide covers criteria which should be considered when selecting sampling equipment for collecting environmental and waste samples for waste management activities. This guide includes a list of equipment that is used and is readily available. Many specialized sampling devices are not specifically included in this guide. However, the factors that should be weighed when choosing any piece of equipment are covered and remain the same for the selection of any piece of equipment. Sampling equipment described in this guide includes automatic samplers, pumps, bailers, tubes, scoops, spoons, shovels, dredges, coring, augering, passive, and vapor sampling devices. The selection of sampling locations is outside the scope of this guide. 1.1.1 Table 1 lists selected equipment and its applicability to sampling matrices, including water (surface and ground), sediments, soils, liquids, multi-layered liquids, mixed solid-liquid phases, and consolidated and unconsolidated solids. The guide does not specifically address the collection of samples of any suspended materials from flowing rivers or streams. Refer to Guide D4411 for more information. 1.2 Table 2 presents the same list of equipment and its applicability for use based on compatibility of sample and equipment; volume of the sample required; physical requirements such as power, size, and weight; ease of operation and decontamination; and whether it is reusable or disposable. 1.3 Table 3 provides the basis for selection of suitable equipment by the use of an index. 1.4 Lists of advantages and disadvantages of selected sampling devices and line drawings and narratives describing the operation of sampling devices are also provided. 1.5 Units— The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026 . Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard. 1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 Although many technical papers address topics important to efficient and accurate sampling investigations (DQOs, study design, QA/QC, data assessment; see Guides D4687 , D5730 , D6009 , D6051 , and Practice D5283 ), the selection and use of appropriate sampling equipment is assumed or omitted. 5.2 The choice of sampling equipment can be crucial to the task of collecting a sample appropriate for the intended use. 5.3 When a sample is collected, all sources of potential bias should be considered, not only in the selection and use of the sampling device, but also in the interpretation and use of the data generated. Some major considerations in the selection of sampling equipment for the collection of a sample are listed below: 5.3.1 The ability to access and extract from every relevant location in the target population, 5.3.2 The ability to collect a sufficient mass of sample such that the distribution of particle sizes in the population are represented, and 5.3.3 The ability to collect a sample without the addition or loss of constituents of interest. 5.4 The characteristics discussed in 5.3 are particularly important in investigations when the target population is heterogeneous, such as when particle sizes vary, liquids are present in distinct phases, a gaseous phase exists, or materials from different sources are present in the population. The consideration of these characteristics during the equipment selection process will enable the data user to make appropriate statistical inferences about the target population based on the sampling results. 5.5 If samples are to be collected for the determination of per- and poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), all sampling equipment should be made of fluorine-free materials. Other considerations for PFAS sampling may exist but are beyond the scope of this standard.