“红水”是许多配电系统中常见的腐蚀诱发问题。这个 红水的形成机制是一个复杂的现象，人们对此知之甚少。 “用于配水系统腐蚀初步研究的现场管道”研究包括详细的 对配电系统中的慢性红水问题进行调查，包括现场使用 用于先导试验和多个台架试验的管道。这项研究是在多年的研究之后开始的 俄克拉荷马市的红水投诉，以及一项激进计划的成本不断上升 用新的水泥内衬管道更换所有无内衬铸铁管道。研究结果显示 了解俄克拉荷马市的现场特定因素，以及俄克拉荷马州的红水现象 全体的问题红水的原因（通过取样和台架规模验证） 测试）是亚铁离子氧化沉淀为氢氧化铁。 此外 铁的来源被发现是未衬砌混凝土中现有氧化皮释放的亚铁离子 管。 一段2700英尺长的现有6英寸无衬里铸铁（CI）管道与管道隔离 分配系统，用于中试规模测试。管线被回流隔离 防止器，用于隔离实验化学品与散装水的混合。使用 现场导向管为在不同条件下进行各种试验提供了极好的手段 准确匹配实际配送系统。试点研究的两个关键目标 WARE:调查流速（尤其是低流速或停滞）之间的关系 和红水形成；此外，调查化学添加剂对红水的影响 组成试验了几种化学物质，包括:正磷酸盐、多磷酸盐、钠 硅酸盐和氯化亚锡。每种产品都在实验室规模上进行了测试，然后再使用 导向管。总共进行了12次现场试验，使用现场导向管。 低流量测试证实，从水垢中释放的铁与 停滞，停滞和流动的交替时期为 铁释放和氧化的单独步骤。正磷酸盐在治疗中最有效 防止颜色形成。正在进行全面测试，以评估全系统的效益 原因对消除贫困的各种替代方法进行了成本分析 红水投诉，包括管道更换、管道清洁和衬里，都是自动化的 冲洗，通过低需求区域补充泵送，以及使用 多磷酸盐。分析表明，正磷酸盐处理，假设它被证明是 在任何情况下都有效，这是在欧洲预防红水投诉的成本最低的方法 俄克拉荷马城。 包括表格、数字。

"Red water" is a corrosion-induced problem common in many distribution systems. The mechanism of red water formation is a complex phenomenon, and one that is poorly understood. The "In-situ Piping for Pilot Study of Distribution System Corrosion" study included a detailed investigation of chronic red water problems in distribution systems, which consisted of using in-situ pipe for pilot testing and multiple bench scale tests. This study was initiated after years of red water complaints in Oklahoma City, and the growing costs of an aggressive program to replace all unlined cast iron pipes with new cement-lined piping. The results of the study shed light on the site-specific factors at work in Oklahoma City and on the red water phenomenon in general. The cause of the troublesome red water (verified through sampling and bench-scale testing) was the oxidation of ferrous ions precipitating to ferric hydroxide. Furthermore, the source of the iron was found to be ferrous ions releasing from the existing scale in the unlined pipes. A 2,700-foot section of existing 6-inch unlined cast iron (CI) pipe was isolated from the distribution system and used for pilot-scale testing. The line was isolated with a backflow preventer to isolate experimental chemicals from mixing with the bulk water supply. Using the in-situ pilot pipe provided an excellent means for conducting a variety of tests under conditions accurately matching the actual distribution system. The two key objectives to the pilot study were: investigate the relationship between rate of flow (particularly low flow or stagnation) and red water formation; and, investigate the impact of chemical addition on red water formation. Several chemicals were trialed including: orthophosphates, polyphosphates, sodium silicate, and stannous chloride. Each product was tested on a bench scale, prior to testing with the pilot pipe. In all, twelve experimental field tests were performed with the in-situ pilot pipe. Low-flow testing verified that iron released from the scale was most closely associated with stagnation, and that alternating periods of stagnation and flow provided the needed conditions for the separate steps of iron release and oxidation. Orthophosphates were the most effective in preventing color formation. Full-scale testing is underway to assess the benefits on a systemwide basis. A cost analysis was conducted on the various alternative approaches to eliminating the red water complaints, including pipe replacement, pipe cleaning and lining, automated flushing, supplemental pumping through low-demand areas, and chemical treatment using polyphosphates. The analysis showed that orthophosphate treatment, assuming it proves to be effective under all conditions, is the least-cost approach for preventing red water complaints in Oklahoma City. Includes tables, figures.