此powerpoint演示文稿概述了将反渗透（RO）用作海水淡化首选技术的问题和选项。根据能量kWh/kgal、操作方法、回收率（%）和资本成本，对各种脱盐工艺进行了比较。列出了海水反渗透的优点和缺点，以及典型海水反渗透工艺的示意图。反渗透原理的基本原理，以及海水反渗透（SWRO）所需的最小能量，以及影响反渗透内能量损失的因素 系统、回收效果、能耗最佳回收、反渗透膜阻力和系统配置。 概述了两个问题，包括: 整个过程中使用的标准海水元素， 即使盐度较低； 整个容器保持高压， 虽然OP仅在下半年较高； 可以使用组合元素-高通量 （略低的拒绝率）然后是标准；和 在上半年使用微咸水元素， 下半场是海水元素。各种反渗透系统配置与能量的比较 消耗、进料和盐水流量以及其他因素，如流量、污垢、泵和能量回收。一个名为“海水淡化设施设计”的AwwaRF研究项目 “最大能源效率”的运行正在进行中 评估包括几个脱盐设施的运行 以及设计问题，以确定改善能源的方法 效率

This powerpoint presentation outlines issues and options for using reverse osmosis (RO) as the preferred technology for seawater desalination. Various desalination processes are compared in terms of energy kWh/kgal, method of operation, recovery (%), and capital costs. Advantages and disadvantages of seawater RO are listed, along with a schematic of a typical seawater RO process. The basics of RO principles are diagrammed, along with the minimum energy required for seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO), factors affecting energy loss within a RO system, effects of recovery, optimum recovery for energy consumption, RO membrane resistance, and system configuration. Two issues are outlined and include: standard seawater elements used throughout, even when salinity is lower; high pressure is maintained throughout the vessel, although OP is high only in latter half; can use combination of elements - high flux (slightly lower rejection) followed by standard; and, use of brackish water elements in first half, seawater elements in second half. A comparison of various RO system configurations with respect to energy consumption, and feed and brine flows is provided, along with other factors such as flux, fouling, pumps, and energy recovery. An AwwaRF research project titled "Desalination Facility Design and Operation For Maximum Energy Efficiency" is underway that involves evaluation of several desalination facilities operation and design issues to identify means of improving energy efficiency.