本powerpoint演示文稿首先介绍了世界各地和美国的缺水情况、海水淡化的发展以及反渗透（RO）成为首选的海水淡化技术。反渗透的能耗包括:海水盐度，以及影响海水成本的重要因素， 恢复 膜阻力； 撬块设计； 设计流量； 通行证数量；和 预处理。介绍了Layounne海水反渗透设施的一个例子，以及Ashkelon海水淡化设施、SWRO设施能耗统计数据、纳米材料制成的反渗透膜、含纳米颗粒的反渗透膜和电容去离子。关于 提高反渗透的能源效率表明: 反渗透系统设计的修改； 膜元件的改进； 其他考虑因素——流量、污垢、泵；和 几项创新正在进行大规模测试 适用性。包括表格，数字。

This powerpoint presentation begins by providing information on water scarcity around the world and in the U.S., the growth of desalination, and reverse osmosis (RO) becoming the preferred desalination technology. Energy - Significant Component of Cost is presented, along with factors affecting energy consumption of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) that include the following: salinity and temperature, recovery; membrane resistance; skid design; design flux; number of passes; and, pretreatment. An example of the Layounne seawater RO facility is presented, along with the Ashkelon seawater desalination facility, statistics on the energy consumption of SWRO facilities, RO membranes made from nanomaterials, RO membranes with nanoparticles, and capacitive deionization. Conclusions on improving energy efficiency of RO indicate the following: modifications to RO system design; improvements in membrane elements; other considerations - Flux, Fouling, Pumps; and, several innovations being tested for large scale applicability. Includes table, figures.