1.1本指南概述了用于害虫管理计划的活昆虫辐射诱导生殖灭菌应遵循的剂量学程序。这种昆虫的主要用途是不育昆虫技术，在该技术中，大量繁殖不育昆虫被释放到田间，与同一物种的害虫种群交配，从而控制害虫种群。不育昆虫的二次利用是作为饲养昆虫寄生蜂的良性宿主。本指南中概述的程序将有助于确保使用γ、电子或X射线源电离辐射处理的昆虫接收到预定范围内的吸收剂量。关于昆虫杀菌特定应用的有效剂量范围或确定有效剂量范围的方法的信息不在本指南的范围内。 注1:剂量测定只是全面质量保证计划的一个组成部分，以确保辐照昆虫充分消毒、完全竞争或适合其预期用途。 1.2本指南提供了这些类型辐照器的昆虫辐照剂量测定信息:自给式干式储存 137 Cs或 60 Co辐射器、自给式低能X射线辐射器（最大处理能量150至300 keV）、大型伽马辐射器和电子加速器（电子和X射线模式）。 注2-有关安装鉴定、操作鉴定、性能鉴定和常规产品处理中应遵循的剂量学程序的更多详细信息，请参见ISO/ASTM规程51608（能量超过300 keV的X射线[韧致辐射]设施处理）、51649（电子束设施）、51702（大型伽马设施），和52116（独立干式存储伽马设施），以及参考文献（1） 2. （独立的X射线设备）。 1.3昆虫杀菌的吸收剂量通常在20至600 Gy范围内。 1.4本指南在全文中特别提及昆虫的生殖灭菌。 如果吸收剂量在1.3规定的范围内，则其同样适用于来自其他分类群（例如，蜱螨、腹足类）的无脊椎动物的辐射灭菌以及出于其他目的（例如，诱导突变）的活昆虫或其他无脊椎动物的辐射灭菌。 1.5本指南还涵盖了辐射敏感指示器的使用，用于视觉和定性指示昆虫已受到辐射。 1.6本文件是一组标准之一，提供了在辐射处理中正确实施和使用剂量测定的建议，并描述了实现符合ASTM规程E2628要求的方法。本标准拟与ASTM E2628一起阅读。 1.7 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全和健康实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 ====意义和用途====== 4.1工厂饲养的昆虫主要用于无菌昆虫释放计划（例如，无菌昆虫技术或SIT），以抑制或根除害虫种群（2,3）。大量繁殖性不育（辐射）昆虫被释放到存在同一物种野生“目标种群”的地区。野生种群减少到不育雄性与野生雌性交配成功的程度。工厂饲养的昆虫吸收的辐射剂量应在诱导所需不育水平的范围内，而不会显著降低工厂饲养的雄性与野生雄性竞争配偶的能力。SIT计划针对的物种通常是影响农业或人类健康的主要害虫，因此通过标准化剂量测定法确保昆虫已被适当辐照，对农业种植者、农业监管机构、公共卫生官员和公众至关重要（3）。 辐射器操作员必须通过准确的吸收剂量测量来证明所有昆虫的吸收剂量均在规定范围内。 4.2工厂饲养的昆虫的另一个用途是生产寄生蜂，以释放对抗害虫种群（4）。寄生蜂是在幼虫期在“宿主”物种体内或其上取食的昆虫，通常会杀死宿主。在一些寄生程序中，工厂饲养的寄主昆虫在提供给寄生蜂之前会受到辐射。这样就不需要将未经亚种化的寄主与寄生蜂分开，从而使肥沃、未经亚种化的寄主昆虫不会无意中释放到田间。 4.3工厂饲养的昆虫可以用电离辐射处理，例如来自 137 Cs或 60 Co源，或来自加速器的X射线或电子。昆虫的γ射线辐照通常在小型、固定几何形状、干燥的环境中进行- 贮存辐照器（5）。已经证明了昆虫伽马射线和X射线辐照的剂量测定方法，包括在这些小型辐射器（ASTM规程52116和参考文献（1,6））以及大型伽马辐射器（ISO/ASTM规程51702和参考文献（7））中测量辐照容器整个体积内吸收剂量分布的有用程序。 4.4工厂饲养昆虫的辐照规范包括吸收剂量的下限，也可能包括中心目标剂量和上限。这些数值基于项目要求和吸收剂量对工厂饲养昆虫的不育性、生存力和竞争力影响的科学数据。 4.5为了证明辐射过程的控制，必须使用校准的剂量测定系统测量吸收剂量。设施运行所依据的法规或政策可能要求校准可追溯至适当的国家或国际标准。 通过校准评估剂量计中辐射引起的变化，并与吸收剂量相关（ISO/ASTM规程51261）。 4.6对于每个辐照器，使用转移或参考标准剂量测定系统测量昆虫或模拟产品辐照体积内参考位置的吸收剂量率。该测量为计算辐射持续时间、输送机速度或向昆虫输送指定吸收剂量所需的其他参数提供了基础。 4.7用于确定最小剂量（D）大小和位置的吸收剂量图 最小值 )和最大剂量（D 最大值 )使用实际产品或模拟产品（5）执行。

1.1 This guide outlines dosimetric procedures to be followed for the radiation-induced reproductive sterilization of live insects for use in pest management programs. The primary use of such insects is in the Sterile Insect Technique, where large numbers of reproductively sterile insects are released into the field to mate with and thus control pest populations of the same species. A secondary use of sterile insects is as benign hosts for rearing insect parasitoids. The procedures outlined in this guide will help ensure that insects processed with ionizing radiation from gamma, electron, or X-ray sources receive absorbed doses within a predetermined range. Information on effective dose ranges for specific applications of insect sterilization, or on methodology for determining effective dose ranges, is not within the scope of this guide. NOTE 1—Dosimetry is only one component of a total quality assurance program to ensure that irradiated insects are adequately sterilized and fully competitive or otherwise suitable for their intended purpose. 1.2 This guide provides information on dosimetry for the irradiation of insects for these types of irradiators: selfcontained dry-storage 137 Cs or 60 Co irradiators, self-contained low-energy X-ray irradiators (maximum processing energies from 150 to 300 keV), large-scale gamma irradiators, and electron accelerators (electron and X-ray modes). NOTE 2—Additional, detailed information on dosimetric procedures to be followed in installation qualification, operational qualification, performance qualification, and routine product processing can be found in ISO/ASTM Practices 51608 (X-ray [bremsstrahlung] facilities processing at energies over 300 keV), 51649 (electron beam facilities), 51702 (large-scale gamma facilities), and 52116 (self-contained dry-storage gamma facilities), and in Ref (1) 2 (self-contained X-ray facilities). 1.3 The absorbed dose for insect sterilization is typically within the range of 20 to 600 Gy. 1.4 This guide refers, throughout the text, specifically to reproductive sterilization of insects. It is equally applicable to radiation sterilization of invertebrates from other taxa (for example, Acarina, Gastropoda) and to irradiation of live insects or other invertebrates for other purposes (for example, inducing mutations), provided the absorbed dose is within the range specified in 1.3. 1.5 This guide also covers the use of radiation-sensitive indicators for the visual and qualitative indication that the insects have been irradiated. 1.6 This document is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing and utilizing dosimetry in radiation processing and describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirements of ASTM Practice E2628. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ASTM E2628. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 The major use of factory-reared insects is in sterile insect release programs (for example, Sterile Insect Technique, or SIT) for suppressing or eradicating pest populations (2,3). Large numbers of reproductively sterile (irradiated) insects are released into an area where a wild “target population” of the same species exists. The wild population is reduced to the extent that the sterile males are successful in mating with wild females. The radiation dose absorbed by the factory-reared insects should be within a range that induces the desired level of sterility without substantially reducing the ability of factoryreared males to compete with wild males for mates. Species targeted by SIT programs are typically major pests affecting agriculture or human health, so the assurance by standardized dosimetry that insects have been properly irradiated is of crucial importance to agriculture growers, agricultural regulators, public health officials, and the public (3). The irradiator operator must demonstrate by means of accurate absorbed-dose measurements that all insects have received absorbed dose within the specified range. 4.2 Another use of factory-reared insects is in the production of parasitoids for release against populations of insect pests (4). Parasitoids are insects that spend the larval stage feeding within or on the body of a “host” species, typically killing the host. In some parasitoid programs, factory-reared host insects are irradiated before being offered to parasitoids. This eliminates the need to separate unparasitized hosts from parasitoids so that fertile, unparasitized host insects are not inadvertently released into the field. 4.3 Factory-reared insects may be treated with ionizing radiation, such as gamma radiation from 137 Cs or 60 Co sources, or X-radiation or electrons from accelerators. Gamma irradiation of insects is often carried out in small, fixed-geometry, dry-storage irradiators (5). Dosimetry methods for gamma and X-ray irradiation of insects have been demonstrated and include useful procedures for measuring the absorbed dose distribution throughout the volume of the irradiation container(s) in these small irradiators (ASTM Practice 52116 and Refs (1,6)) as well as large-scale gamma irradiators (ISO/ASTM Practice 51702 and Ref (7)). 4.4 Specifications for irradiation of factory-reared insects include a lower limit of absorbed dose and may include a central target dose and an upper limit. These values are based on program requirements and on scientific data on effects of absorbed dose on the sterility, viability, and competitiveness of the factory-reared insects. 4.5 To demonstrate control of the radiation process, the absorbed dose must be measured using a calibrated dosimetry system. Regulations or policies under which the facility operates may require the calibration to be traceable to appropriate national or international standards. The radiation-induced change in the dosimeter is evaluated and related to absorbed dose through calibration (ISO/ASTM Practice 51261). 4.6 For each irradiator, absorbed-dose rate at a reference position within the irradiated volume of insects or simulated product is measured using a transfer or reference standard dosimetry system. That measurement provides a basis for calculating the duration of irradiation, conveyor speed, or other parameter required to deliver the specified absorbed dose to the insects. 4.7 Absorbed-dose mapping for establishing magnitudes and locations of minimum dose (D min ) and maximum dose (D max ) is performed using actual product or simulated product (5).