膜软化和脱盐过程，纳滤（NF）和反渗透（RO）是 随着现有淡水资源变成盐碱地或新的淡水资源，这一点变得越来越重要 替代水源变得稀缺。水供应商选择膜是因为 它们的低成本趋势以及处理坚硬、微咸和海水资源的能力与其他 传统工艺无法做到这一点。水务决策者需要有意义且准确的信息 施工和运营维护（O&M）成本数据，以确定 处理硬水或咸水水源。包括参考、表格、数字。

Membrane softening and desalting processes, nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO), are becoming increasingly important as existing freshwater sources become saline, or new alternative water sources become scarce. Water providers are selecting membranes because of their lower cost trends and ability to treat hard, brackish, and seawater sources that other conventional processes cannot. Water utility decision makers require meaningful and accurate construction and operation and maintenance (O&M) cost data to determine the feasibility of treating hard or saline water sources. Includes reference, table, figures.