铅是一种有毒的重金属，铅消费的负面影响是一个重要因素 公共卫生问题。离开处理厂的水含有极低浓度的 领导然而，含铅管道、配件和焊料在水中的内部腐蚀 配电系统是目前饮用水铅的最重要来源。 虽然新建筑不使用铅管，但许多旧建筑保留了原有的结构 领导服务线和内部管道。对水中铅浓度的担忧 分配系统促使美国环境保护局（USEPA）通过了该法案 铅和铜规则（LCR）于1991年颁布。LCR将领导行动级别设置为0.015 mg/L.理解水化学和溶解度之间的关系 自LCR通过以来，含铅矿物的含量有所增加。 然而 最近观察到华盛顿特区自来水中铅含量极高，这突出了 需要继续研究。 饮用水中的铅浓度受以下化学反应的影响: 发生在配水系统内。之前的研究已经调查了 铅腐蚀产物的平衡溶解度。该项目的重点是溶解速率。 了解铅释放率有助于评估治疗的潜在效果 工艺变化对配水系统水质的影响。药物的溶解速率 将测定重要的铅腐蚀产物，即氢化钾（Pb₃（CO₃）₂（OH）₂） 作为一种无机磷的存在 氯胺。铅腐蚀产物将根据表面特征进行表征 面积、分子结构、形态和矿物学。这些药物的溶解速度 铅腐蚀产物将在完全混合的溶液中进行定量测定 连续流反应器。实验测量的溶解速率将用于 生成溶解速率作为水化学函数的模型。这种模式会 然后用于评估从配水管道中挖出的管垢的溶解情况 系统包括19个参考文献、表格和图表。

Lead is a toxic heavy metal and the adverse effects of lead consumption are a public health concern. Water leaving treatment plants has very low concentrations of lead. However, internal corrosion of lead-containing pipe, fittings, and solder in water distribution systems is currently the most significant source of lead to drinking water. While new construction does not use lead pipe, many older buildings retain the original lead service lines and internal plumbing. Concern for lead concentrations in water distribution systems motivated the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to pass the Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) in 1991. The LCR set the lead action level to 0.015 mg/L. The understanding of the relationships between water chemistry and the solubility of lead-containing minerals has increased since the passage of the LCR. However, the recent observations of extremely high lead levels in Washington D.C. tap water highlight the need for continuing research. Lead concentrations in drinking water are affected by chemical reactions that occur within the water distribution system. Previous studies have investigated the equilibrium solubility of lead corrosion products. This project focuses on dissolution rates. Knowledge of lead release rates are useful for evaluating potential effects of treatment process changes on water quality in the distribution system. The dissolution rates of the important lead corrosion product, hydrocerussite (Pb₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂), will be determined as a function of pH, dissolved inorganic carbon, orthophosphate, and the presence of chloramines. The lead corrosion products will be characterized with respect to surface area, molecular structure, morphology, and mineralogy. The dissolution rates of these lead corrosion products will be quantitatively determined in completely-mixed continuous-flow reactors. The experimentally measured dissolution rates will be used to generate a model for dissolution rates as a function of water chemistry. This model will then be used to evaluate the dissolution of pipe scales excavated from a water distribution system. Includes 19 references, tables, figures.