本文讨论了水力和水质 在堪萨斯城进行的为期六个月的试点研究中收集的性能数据表明 在大型工厂中，用低压膜对颗粒介质过滤器进行改造可能是一个重要的工具 满足不断增长的监管要求，同时大幅提高工厂产能。项目的具体目标 该项目旨在: 为改造堪萨斯城供水系统开发全尺寸膜系统设计 部门（KCWSD）水处理厂，膜的选择符合以下特定特性: 使其非常适合应用，包括高渗透性、高纤维 包装密度和化学相容性； 开发概念性布局，详细说明重力供给和泵送膜改造方案 KCWSD基于先导试验期间开发的设计参数，包括 分析集成问题，如现有基础设施、辅助设备的使用 要求、膜完整性测试协议和操作员培训要求；和 制定现有颗粒介质过滤器与膜介质过滤器的成本估算 KCWSD水处理厂。在KCWSD每天2.4亿加仑（mgd）的石灰软化条件下进行了薄膜中试试验 从密苏里河取水的植物。三种低压膜在KCWSD进行了中试测试:Hydranautics UF Hydracap 60（INDECK）2； Polymem UF 120S3（WESTECH）2；以及Zenon ZW-1000（Zenon）2。选择了三种膜 因为它们包含两种可能特别适合改造的膜系统替代方案 设计:浸没式膜系统；以及定制设计的压力容器膜 系统。压力驱动系统在低流量、低进料压力条件下进行评估，这将 允许其在工厂现有的水力坡度线内运行。三种膜系统 然后在高通量、高进料压力或渗透真空条件下进行评估，以使 膜组件的容量，并确定泵送方案的设计参数。三 在整个试点测试过程中保持了操作标准: 就地清洗（CIP）间隔e 30天； 回收率90%；和 反冲洗废水中的总氯浓度d大于2毫克/升（mg/L） 饲料浓度。包括表格、数字。

This paper discusses hydraulic and water quality performance data gathered during a six-month pilot study in Kansas City which demonstrates that retrofitting granular media filters with low-pressure membranes in large plants can be an important tool to meet ever-increasing regulatory requirements while substantially increasing plant capacity. Specific objectives of the project were to: develop full-scale membrane system design for retrofitting the Kansas City Water Services Department (KCWSD) water treatment plant with membranes selected for specific characteristics that make them well suited for the application, including high permeability, high fiber packing density, and chemical compatibility; develop conceptual layouts detailing both gravity-fed and pumped membrane retrofit scenarios at KCWSD based on the design parameters developed during pilot testing, including an analysis of integration issues such as the use of existing infrastructure, ancillary equipment requirements, membrane integrity testing protocols, and operator training requirements; and, develop cost estimates for retrofitting existing granular media filters with membrane media filters at the KCWSD water treatment plant. Membrane pilot testing was conducted at KCWSD's 240-million gallon per day (mgd) lime softening plant, which draws water from the Missouri River. Three low-pressure membranes were pilot-tested at KCWSD: Hydranautics UF Hydracap 60 (INDECK)2; Polymem UF 120S3 (WESTECH)2; and, Zenon ZW-1000 (ZENON)2. The three membranes were chosen because they encompass two membrane system alternatives that may be particularly suitable for retrofit designs: submerged membrane systems; and, custom designed, pressurized vessel membrane systems. The pressure driven systems were evaluated under low flux, low feed pressure conditions that would permit their operation within the existing hydraulic grade line at the plant. All three membrane systems were then evaluated under high flux, high feed pressure, or permeate vacuum conditions to maximize capacity of the membrane modules and to establish design parameters for a pumped scenario. Three operational criteria were maintained throughout pilot testing: clean-in-place (CIP) interval e 30 days; recovery e 90 percent; and, total chlorine concentration in the backwash wastewater d 2 milligrams per liter (mg/L) greater than the feed concentration. Includes tables, figures.