因为四价铅固体和 他们与铅释放的关系，这项研究调查于2002年启动，目的是: 探索导致水中PbO₂形成的水质条件和途径 在长期降水试验中；确定PbO₂ 通过分析溶液中固体的稳定性，衡量可能影响氧化还原电位（ORP）的处理变化 对ORP变化的反应。铅固体的物理性质、矿物学和溶解性 检测了氯化良好的水中的几个pH值，以及硫酸盐对PbO₂ 还对其形成进行了简要的研究。为了评估水的影响，进行了一系列长期降水试验 关于铅固体在水中的矿物学和相应溶解度的化学和时间。 在这些测试中，选择氧化还原条件来代表实际用途的高端 为了形成Pb（IV）固体（铂白云石和/或镁橄榄石），维持了实践和规范。 水中的高氧化还原电位由游离氯维持，而游离氯则以同样的方式补充 需要在大多数研究中保持3 mg Cl₂/L的目标浓度。晚到 在试验过程中，允许残余氯消散，以测试矿物相的可逆性 发展在含有硫酸盐的水中进行一次试验，以研究 额外的主要负离子对铅固体的发展。硫酸铅（II）和碳酸氢盐硫酸盐 在一些含铅饮用水管中观察到固体。所有的实验都是成功的 在室温（-23ºC）下进行。 铅老化研究是在一个3.0升的玻璃烧杯中进行的。固定在顶部 烧杯是pH和两个氧化还原电极，溶解氧（DO）和温度探针，a 机械搅拌器和酸碱注射线。计算机软件记录了 pH值和滴定液体积。收集pH值、溶解氧、氧化还原电位、， 游离氯和总氯，以及铅、硫和总无机碳的浓度。此外 使用X射线衍射（XRD）鉴定了铅固体的结晶相。包括26个参考文献、表格和图表。

Because of the many questions surrounding the occurrence of tetravalent lead solids and their relationships to lead release, this research investigation was initiated in 2002 in order to: explore the water quality conditions and pathways that lead to the formation of PbO₂ in water during long term precipitation experiments; and, to determine the possible sensitivity of PbO₂ scales to treatment changes that would affect oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) by analyzing the stability of the solids in response to changes in ORP. The physical properties, mineralogy, and solubility of lead solids at several pH values in well chlorinated water were examined, and the effect of sulfate on PbO₂ formation was also briefly investigated. A series of long-term precipitation experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of water chemistry and time on the mineralogy and corresponding solubilities of lead solids in water. During these tests, redox conditions were chosen to represent the high end of realistic utility practices and were maintained with the intent to form Pb(IV) solids (plattnerite and/or scrutinyite). High redox potential of the water was maintained with free chlorine, which was replenished as needed to maintain a goal concentration of 3 mg Cl₂/L throughout most of the studies. Late into the test runs, chlorine residuals were permitted to dissipate to test the reversibility of mineral phase development. One run was performed in water containing sulfate to investigate the role of an additional major anion on the development of lead solids. Lead (II) sulfate and hydroxl-carbonate-sulfate solids have been observed in some lead drinking water pipes. All experiments were conducted at room temperature (-23 ºC). Lead aging studies were conducted in a 3.0 liter glass beaker. Secured at the top of the beaker were pH and two redox electrodes, dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature probes, a mechanical stirrer and an injection line for both acid and base. The computer software recorded pH values and titrant volumes. Data was collected on the pH, dissolved oxygen, redox potential, free and total chlorine, and concentrations of lead, sulfur and total inorganic carbon. In addition the crystalline phases of lead solids were identified using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Includes 26 references, table, figures.