1.1 本指南涵盖了如何使用水基钻井液的直接（直）旋转钻井程序进行地质环境勘探和安装地下水质监测设备。 注1: 本指南中有关旋转钻井方法的直接术语表示水基钻井液通过钻杆柱泵送至旋转钻头。钻井液通过钻杆柱和井壁之间的环空将岩屑输送到地面。 注2: 本指南不包括在单独指南中讨论的岩土现场特征考虑因素。 1.2 用于地质环境勘探和监测设备安装的直接旋转钻井通常涉及安全规划、管理和文件编制。 本标准无意专门论述勘探和现场安全。 1.3 单位- 以国际单位制或英寸-磅单位（括号中给出）表示的值应单独视为标准值。每个系统中规定的值可能并不完全相等；因此，每个系统应相互独立使用。将两个系统中的值合并可能会导致不符合标准。 1.4 所有观察值和计算值均应符合实践中确定的有效数字和舍入准则 D6026 . 1.5 本标准中用于规定如何收集/记录或计算数据的程序被视为行业标准。此外，它们代表了通常应保留的有效数字。 所使用的程序不考虑材料变化、获取数据的目的、特殊目的研究或用户目标的任何考虑因素；通常情况下，增加或减少报告数据的有效位数以与这些考虑因素相称。考虑分析方法或工程设计中使用的有效数字超出了本标准的范围。 1.6 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.7 本指南提供了有组织的信息收集或一系列选项，并不推荐具体的行动方案。 本文件不能取代教育或经验，应与专业判断一起使用。并非本指南的所有方面都适用于所有情况。本ASTM标准不代表或取代必须根据其判断给定专业服务的充分性的谨慎标准，也不应在不考虑项目的许多独特方面的情况下应用本文件。本文件标题中的“标准”一词仅表示该文件已通过ASTM共识程序获得批准。 1.8 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 4.1 直接旋转钻井可用于支持地质环境勘探，并在未固结和固结材料中安装地下水质监测装置。基于与其他方法相比的优势，可以选择直接旋转钻井。在钻探松散沉积物和硬质岩石（洞穴状石灰岩和玄武岩除外，这些岩石无法保持循环）时，直接旋转法是一种比电缆工具法更快的钻探方法。直接旋转钻孔的切削样品通常与电缆工具钻孔的切削样品一样具有代表性，然而，直接旋转钻孔通常需要更多的井眼- 开发工作。如果预计钻探水敏材料（即易碎砂岩或湿陷性土壤），可能会妨碍使用水基旋转钻探方法，应考虑其他钻探方法。 4.1.1 直接旋转钻井在地质环境勘探中的应用可能涉及采样、取芯、现场或孔隙流体测试，或在未固结或固结材料中为后续钻井活动安装套管。使用直接旋转钻井方法的几个优点是，由于在井壁上形成滤饼，在钻井疏松地层时井壁的稳定性。该方法也可用于钻探固结地层。 使用直接旋转钻井方法的缺点包括将流体引入地下，并在井壁上形成滤饼，这可能会改变钻孔的自然水力特性。 注3: 用户可在同一钻孔内安装监测装置，在该钻孔内进行采样、现场或孔隙流体测试或取芯。 4.2 本指南中涉及的地下水质监测装置通常包括筛网或多孔进水管和立管，通常安装有过滤器组，以延长进水装置的使用寿命，并配有隔离密封和低渗透回填，以阻止流体在钻孔渗透的水文单元之间的移动或地表水的渗透（见实践） D5092/D5092M ). 由于压力计主要是用于测量地下水头的装置，因此只有在考虑了装置的整体质量（包括接触采样水或气体的材料质量）后，才应将压力计转换为水质监测装置。 注4: 水质监测装置和压力计应具有足够的套管密封、环形隔离密封和回填土，以阻止污染物在水文单元之间的移动。

1.1 This guide covers how direct (straight) rotary-drilling procedures with water-based drilling fluids may be used for geoenvironmental exploration and installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices. Note 1: The term direct with respect to the rotary-drilling method of this guide indicates that a water-based drilling fluid is pumped through a drill-rod column to a rotating bit. The drilling fluid transports cuttings to the surface through the annulus between the drill-rod column and the borehole wall. Note 2: This guide does not include considerations for geotechnical site characterization that are addressed in a separate guide. 1.2 Direct-rotary drilling for geoenvironmental exploration and monitoring-device installations will often involve safety planning, administration and documentation. This standard does not purport to specifically address exploration and site safety. 1.3 Units— The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units (given in brackets) are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exactly equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two system may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.4 All observed and calculated values are to conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026 . 1.5 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objective; and it is common practice to increase or reduce the significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis method or engineering design. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 Direct-rotary drilling may be used in support of geoenvironmental exploration and for installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices in unconsolidated and consolidated materials. Direct-rotary drilling may be selected over other methods based on advantages over other methods. In drilling unconsolidated sediments and hard rock, other than cavernous limestones and basalts where circulation cannot be maintained, the direct-rotary method is a faster drilling method than the cable-tool method. The cutting samples from direct-rotary drilled holes are usually as representative as those obtained from cable-tool drilled holes however, direct-rotary drilled holes usually require more well-development effort. If drilling of water-sensitive materials (that is, friable sandstones or collapsible soils) is anticipated, it may preclude use of water-based rotary-drilling methods and other drilling methods should be considered. 4.1.1 The application of direct-rotary drilling to geoenvironmental exploration may involve sampling, coring, in situ or pore-fluid testing, or installation of casing for subsequent drilling activities in unconsolidated or consolidated materials. Several advantages of using the direct-rotary drilling method are stability of the borehole wall in drilling unconsolidated formations due to the buildup of a filter cake on the wall. The method can also be used in drilling consolidated formations. Disadvantages to using the direct-rotary drilling method include the introduction of fluids to the subsurface, and creation of the filter cake on the wall of the borehole that may alter the natural hydraulic characteristics of the borehole. Note 3: The user may install a monitoring device within the same borehole wherein sampling, in situ or pore-fluid testing, or coring was performed. 4.2 The subsurface water-quality monitoring devices that are addressed in this guide consist generally of a screened or porous intake and riser pipe(s) that are usually installed with a filter pack to enhance the longevity of the intake unit, and with isolation seals and low-permeability backfill to deter the movement of fluids or infiltration of surface water between hydrologic units penetrated by the borehole (see Practice D5092/D5092M ). Since a piezometer is primarily a device used for measuring subsurface hydraulic heads, the conversion of a piezometer to a water-quality monitoring device should be made only after consideration of the overall quality of the installation, including the quality of materials that will contact sampled water or gas. Note 4: Both water-quality monitoring devices and piezometers should have adequate casing seals, annular isolation seals and backfills to deter movement of contaminants between hydrologic units.