1.1 本文件涵盖了对电离辐射对材料、产品和生物样品的影响进行研究所需的剂量测定的基本建议。此类研究包括建立吸收剂量与相关效应之间的定量关系。本文件还描述了此类研究中剂量测定和结果报告的总体需求。剂量测定应被视为实验的一个组成部分，研究者有责任确保所用剂量测定系统的准确性和适用性。 附注1: 关于涉及食品的研究，请注意，食品法典委员会制定了一项国际通用标准和一项业务守则，涉及电离辐射在食品处理中的应用，并大力强调剂量测定在确保适当进行辐照方面的作用 ( 1 ) . 2 附注2: 本文档包括注释形式的教程信息。研究人员还应参考标准末尾提供的参考文献和其他适用的科学文献，以帮助应用于剂量测定的实验方法 ( 2- 5 ) . 1.2 本文件涵盖了使用以下类型的电离辐射进行的研究:伽马辐射（通常来自钴-60或铯-137源）、X辐射（轫致辐射，通常能量在50 keV至7.5 MeV之间）和电子（通常能量在80 keV至10 MeV以上）。这种哮喘 51608 , 51649 , 51818 ，和 51702 . 1.3 本文件描述了建立实验方法的剂量测定建议。它不包括辐照设施安装资格或操作资格的剂量测定建议。这些受试者在ASTM中接受治疗 51608 , 51649 , 51818 ，和 51702 . 1.4 本文件无意限制研究者确定实验方法的灵活性。该文件的目的是确保选择辐射源和实验方法，以便实验结果对其他科学家和监管机构有用和可理解。在解释研究结果时，应考虑吸收剂量测量结果的总不确定度和辐照样品内的吸收剂量变化（参见ASTM指南 51707 ). 1.5 本文件是为在辐射处理中正确实施剂量测定提供建议的一组标准之一，并描述了实现符合ASTM要求的方法 52628 因此，本文件旨在与ASTM一起阅读 52628 . 1.6 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全性问题（如果有）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前建立适当的安全、健康和环境实践并确定法规限制的适用性。 1.7 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 ======意义和用途====== 4.1 可靠的剂量测定对于研究电离辐射对材料和产品的影响是不可或缺的。没有可靠的剂量测定，就无法得出有效的结论，或者可能得出错误的结论。 4.2 本文件旨在为电离辐射对材料和产品影响的研究和实验以及剂量测定结果的报告提供指导。在要进行的各种类型的实验之间，对剂量测定和剂量范围的要求可能不同。 4.3 正确报告进行照射的方式是重要的，因为除了吸收剂量之外，辐射效应的程度可能是各种因素的函数，例如辐射源、吸收剂量率、入射辐射的能量、照射期间的周围环境条件和入射辐射的类型。本文件试图强调其他研究人员可重复实验所必需的信息，包括吸收剂量测量的方法和结果。 4.4 在大多数情况下，应设计实验以尽可能均匀地照射样品。实际上，吸收剂量的一定变化将存在于整个样品中。吸收剂量图用于确定最大值的大小、位置和再现性（ D 麦克斯 ）和最小吸收剂量（ D 最小 ）对于给定的一组实验参数。用于剂量映射的剂量计必须能够在预期的剂量范围内工作，并且必须具有足够的空间分辨率以确定可能的剂量梯度（参见ASTM 52303 ). 4.5 计算机模拟可能提供关于辐照样品中吸收剂量分布的有用信息，特别是在材料界面附近（参见ASTM E2232 )，但不能替代剂量测定。

1.1 This document covers essential recommendations for dosimetry needed to conduct research on the effects of ionizing radiation on materials, products and biological samples. Such research includes establishment of the quantitative relationship between absorbed dose and the relevant effects. This document also describes the overall need for dosimetry in such research, and for reporting of the results. Dosimetry should be considered an integral part of the experiment, and the researcher is responsible for ensuring the accuracy and applicability of the dosimetry system used. Note 1: For research involving food products, note that the Codex Alimentarius Commission has developed an international General Standard and a Code of Practice that address the application of ionizing radiation to the treatment of foods and which strongly emphasizes the role of dosimetry for ensuring that irradiation will be properly performed ( 1 ) . 2 Note 2: This document includes tutorial information in the form of Notes. Researchers should also refer to the references provided at the end of the standard, and other applicable scientific literature, to assist in the experimental methodology as applied to dosimetry ( 2- 5 ) . 1.2 This document covers research conducted using the following types of ionizing radiation: gamma radiation (typically from Cobalt-60 or Cesium-137 sources), X-radiation (bremsstrahlung, typically with energies between 50 keV and 7.5 MeV), and electrons (typically with energies ranging from 80 keV to more than 10 MeV). See ASTM 51608 , 51649 , 51818 , and 51702 . 1.3 This document describes dosimetry recommendations for establishing the experimental method. It does not include dosimetry recommendations for installation qualification or operational qualification of the irradiation facility. These subjects are treated in ASTM 51608 , 51649 , 51818 , and 51702 . 1.4 This document is not intended to limit the flexibility of the researcher in the determination of the experimental methodology. The purpose of the document is to ensure that the radiation source and experimental methodology are chosen such that the results of the experiment will be useful and understandable to other scientists and regulatory agencies. The total uncertainty in the absorbed-dose measurement results and the absorbed-dose variation within the irradiated sample should be taken into account in the interpretation of the research results (see ASTM Guide 51707 ). 1.5 This document is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirements of ASTM 52628 . This document is thus intended to be read in conjunction with ASTM 52628 . 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 Reliable dosimetry is indispensable for research on the effects of ionizing radiation on materials and products. Without reliable dosimetry valid conclusions cannot be reached, or the wrong conclusions might be reached. 4.2 This document is intended to provide direction on how to conduct dosimetry for research and experiments on the effects of ionizing radiation on materials and products, and on the reporting of dosimetry results. Requirements on dosimetry and on dose ranges might differ between the various types of experiments to be carried out. 4.3 Proper reporting of the manner in which the irradiation was carried out is important since the degree of radiation effect might be a function of various factors, other than absorbed dose, such as the radiation source, the absorbed-dose rate, energy of the incident radiation, ambient environmental conditions during irradiation, and the type of incident radiation. This document attempts to highlight the information, including the methodology and results of the absorbed-dose measurements, necessary for an experiment to be repeatable by other researchers. 4.4 In most cases an experiment should be designed to irradiate the sample as uniformly as possible. In practice, a certain variation in absorbed dose will exist throughout the sample. Absorbed-dose mapping is used to determine the magnitude, location, and reproducibility of the maximum ( D max ) and minimum absorbed dose ( D min ) for a given set of experimental parameters. Dosimeters used for dose mapping must be capable of operation over the expected range of doses and must have sufficient spatial resolution to determine likely dose gradients (see ASTM 52303 ). 4.5 Computer simulations might provide useful information about absorbed-dose distribution in the irradiated sample, especially near material interfaces (see ASTM E2232 ), but are not a substitute for dosimetry.