1.1本规范从人机工程学角度为海上船舶和结构的设计和建造以及其中包含的设备、系统和子系统（包括供应商购买的硬件和软件）提供了人机工程学设计标准。 1.1.1这些设计标准的重点是人机界面的设计和评估，包括一侧人与控制器和显示器之间的界面、物理环境、结构、控制台、面板和工作站、船舶空间的布局和安排、维护工作场所、标签和标牌、警报、计算机屏幕、材料处理、阀门、，以及其他特定设备。 1.2本规范中包含的标准应适用于船员出于操作、居住和维护目的以任何方式接触的船舶或海上结构内所有硬件和软件的设计和建造。 1.3除非船舶或海洋结构物设计合同或规范的具体规定中另有规定，否则本惯例将用于设计海洋船舶、结构物、设备、系统和子系统，以满足第5.3条的全部潜在用户范围 % 女性至第95名 % 雄性。 1.4本规程分为以下章节: 目录 第节和 子章节 标题 1. 范围 2. 参考文件 3. 术语 4. 意义和用途 5. 控制 5.1 控制设计原则 5.2 一般设计指南 5.3 控制移动 5.4 控制间距 5.5 控制编码 5.6 控制使用和设计 6. 显示器 6.1 视觉显示器 6.2 显示器的位置、方向、照明和布置 6.3 显示器照明 6.4 显示类型 6.5 声音显示器 7. 警报 7.1 一般报警要求 7.2 视觉警报 7.3 声音警报 7.4 语音信息 7.5 报警启动站 7.6 国际海事组织的警报要求 8. 控制、显示和警报的集成 8.1 设计原则 8.2 分组关系排列原则 8.3 分离分组 8.4 显示器和警报的位置关系 8.5 控制器与相关显示器和警报的位置关系 8.6 控制和显示移动关系 8.7 控件、显示器和设备之间的空间关系 8.8 分组设计的替代方法 8.9 桥梁控制和显示集成的特殊要求 9 人体测量学 9.1 一般设计要求 9.2 静态人体测量数据 10 工作场所安排 10.1 工作场所设计的基本原则 10.2 坐式工作站 10.3 立式工作站 10.4 跪式工作站 10.5 蹲式工作站 10.6 搁置 10.7 状态板和文件柜 10.8 工作台 10.9 垂直过滤器和过滤器 10.10 工作站的到达限制 10.11 安全洗眼喷泉和淋浴 10.12 底座安装的控制装置和显示器 10.13 手摇曲柄和泵 10.14 隔板安装设备 10.15 设备机架、机柜和单个设备间距 10.16 控制台和控制面板 10.17 桥梁设计 11 辅助通道:楼梯、扶手、栏杆、直梯、坡道、门、照明孔、舱口、踢脚- 室外面板、通道和走道以及工作平台） 11.1 楼梯、梯子和坡道 11.2 楼梯 11.3 坡道 11.4 垂直梯子 11.5 带安全笼的垂直梯子 11.6 带防坠落保护装置的垂直梯子 11.7 特殊梯子要求 11.8 把手/手抓斗 11.9 单个梯级 11.10 D形环梯 11.11 扶手 11.12 走道、通道和人员移动的替代方式 11.13 高架工作平台 11.14 舱口、人孔、照明孔、检查孔和踢板 11.15 门和拱门 11.16 永久通道（PMA） 12 阀门位置、方向和位置 12.1 一般设计要求 12.2 阀门临界和位置 12.3 阀门安装高度和方向: 手轮操作 12.4 阀门安装高度和方向:杠杆操作阀门 12.5 备选阀门方向 12.6 阀门歧管 13 人机界面 13.1 一般设计要求 13.2 系统操作 13.3 计算机显示器 13.4 显示内容 13.5 显示器编码 13.6 动态显示器 13.7 显示格式 13.8 文本数据显示 13.9 图形显示器 13.10 音频显示器 13.11 数据输入 13.12 交互式控制 13.13 图形控件 13.14 窗户 13.15 菜单 13.16 形式 13.17 警报 13.18 语言 13.19 反馈 13.20 提示 13.21 默认值 13.22 错误管理/数据保护 13.23 数据安全性 13.24 帮助 13.25 软件 13.26 数据传输/消息传递 13.27 输入设备 13.28 游标 13 29 印刷 14 可居住性 14.1 噪音 14.2 室内气候 14.3 照明 14.4 全身振动和冲击 15 标记 15.1 标签设计标准 15.2 缩写 15.3 符号 15.4 控制台和面板上的组件标签 15.5 设备识别标签 15.6 电气系统标签 15.7 房间、甲板空间和空隙识别标签 15.8 管道标记标签 15.9 安全工作负荷识别标签 15.10 负载重量识别标签 15.11 危险识别标志 15.12 信息标志 15.13 说明标签 15.14 图形示意图 15.15 定向计划 15.16 应急指示 16 物料搬运 16.1 支持手动物料提升和搬运的设计 16.2 举重 16 3. 负重 16.4 设计用于推动手动物料处理 16.5 把手和抓取区域的设计 16.6 辅助提升和搬运装置的设计 16.7 手推车和轮式推车 16.8 起重机设计 17 维修 17.1 一般设计要求 17.2 维护可达性 17.3 维护环境 17.4 润滑 17.5 案例 17.6 盖子 17.7 紧固件 17.8 维护通道的舱口、人孔、照明孔 17.9 诊断和故障排除 17.10 设备模块化 17.11 设备安装和安装 17.12 标准化 17.13 电线电缆 17.14 导线 17.15 连接器 17.16 测试设备 17.17 保险丝和断路器 17.18 液压系统 17.19 储能装置 17.20 管道法兰、短管和盲板 17.21 测试和采样点 18 危险和安全 18.1 安全标签、标志和排除区域标记 18.2 一般工作场所危险 18.3 一般设备相关危险 18.4 电气危险 18.5 机械危险 18.6 流体危害 18.7 安全屏障 18.8 坠落防护 18.9 紧急出口 19 通信 19.1 通信系统要求 19.2 麦克风 19.3 耳机 19.4 扬声器 19.5 电话系统 附录X1 人因工程（HFE）设计检查表 图表列表 图形 标题 1. 控制移动期望 2. 脚踏开关设计要求 3. 踏板位置和设计要求 4. 踏板的横向间距 5. 离散旋转控制的设计标准 6. 离散旋转控制器的分离要求 7. 连续旋转控制装置的尺寸、阻力和分离 8. 快速操作曲柄的正确安装 9 曲柄所需的尺寸、阻力和分离 10 按钮的设计标准 11 两种图例开关（背光按钮） 12 图例开关的尺寸、位移和电阻 13 各种类型拨动开关的设计要求 14 摇臂开关的设计要求 15 离散滑动开关控制器的尺寸、电阻和间距 16 连续滑动控制的尺寸、阻力和间距 17 杠杆的尺寸、阻力和间距 18 滑杆的尺寸、阻力和间距 19 推拉控制装置的尺寸、位移和分离 20 视觉视线 21 主要和次要视野 22 主要、中间和次要刻度标记的设计标准 23 刻度、指针位置和刻度编号替代方案 24 刻度编号放置 25 模拟显示器上范围的颜色和形状编码 26 圆形刻度盘显示器的零位和指针移动 27 快速检查读数的对齐指针 28 数字显示设计要求 29 按常用功能对控件和显示进行分组 30 按单个设备分组控制和显示 31 单个设备控制和显示组的镜像排列（不推荐） 32 按常用设备分组控制和显示 33 按使用顺序对控件和显示进行分组 34 物理分离分组 35 使用边界线和边界分组 36 使用彩色和着色焊盘分组 37 使用子面板分组 38 右手操作员的单个控制装置和相关显示器的位置 39 多行控件和显示器的排列 40 多行显示器和一行控件的排列 41 报警、显示和控制之间的位置关系 42 控制指针和状态指示器之间的位置关系 43 控制和显示移动关系 44 控件、显示器和设备之间的空间关系 45 设备和控制面板之间的空间关系 46 冗余控件和显示器的空间关系 47 复制远程空间中设备位置的面板布局 48 模拟物理设备功能布局 49 不考虑设备布局的功能组模拟 50 站立身体尺寸 51 阀座阀体尺寸 52 深度和宽度维度 53 手和脚尺寸 54 戴手套的手尺寸 55 坐姿工作空间尺寸 56 计算机工作站的尺寸 57 桌子上或其他工作地点不需要办公桌的单个或多个人员的尺寸 58 CRT型工作站的座位 59 坐着的工作站后面的间隙 60 控制就座人员的安装高度 61 显示就座人员的安装高度 62 控制站立人员的安装高度 63 显示站立人员的安装高度 64 控制跪着的人的安装高度 65 显示跪下人员的安装高度 66 跪着的工人所需的尺寸 67 控制蹲下人员的安装高度 68 显示蹲位人员的安装高度 69 蹲式工人所需尺寸 70 具有完全访问权限的货架的工作场所尺寸 71 机柜上方货架的工作场所尺寸 72 需要顶部视野的货架的工作场所尺寸 73 下部货架的前部间隙要求 74 状态板安装高度 75 文件柜前的间隙 76 工作台尺寸 77 跨越障碍物或障碍物的安全到达距离 78 通道中隔板安装设备的安装高度 79 常见电气装置的安装高度 80 控制器和设备之间的直接空间关系 81 前后设备与横向控制台上的控制和显示的空间关系 82 座椅式单操作员控制台尺寸 83 环绕式座椅控制台 84 特殊宽度控制台 85 多层立式控制台 86 多层座椅控制台 87 台式立式控制台的尺寸 88 货物和压舱物转移控制台 89 楼梯尺寸 90 直行坡道尺寸 91 带转向平台的坡道 92 带折返平台的坡道 93 垂直梯子尺寸 94 垂直梯子布置的尺寸 95 垂直梯子贯穿件的平台/平台尺寸 96 笼式梯子尺寸 97 笼子形状和尺寸 98 梯子和攀登者安全装置尺寸 99 用于梯子坠落保护的延长栏杆（前视图） 100 用于梯子坠落保护的延长栏杆（侧视图） 101 用于梯子坠落保护的延长栏杆和笼子（前视图） 102 用于梯子坠落保护的延长栏杆和笼子（侧视图） 103 用作梯子加长件的把手或抓手 104 从梯子过渡到中间平台的把手 105 单个梯级梯的推荐设计标准 106 D形环梯的尺寸 107 固定扶手设计 108 可拆卸扶手尺寸 109 特殊扶手设计尺寸 110 过渡扶手尺寸 111 其他与人员移动相关的设计特点 112 垂直方向安装的矩形检修孔的尺寸需要台阶才能到达开口 113 矩形、方形和圆形舱口、人孔和照明孔的尺寸 114 照明孔尺寸 115 进入垂直逃生舱口 116 高架舱口通道 117 通过升高的舱口进入货舱 118 门的放置 119 手轮扭矩的理想上限 120 带垂直阀杆的手轮阀的安装高度 121 带水平阀杆的手轮阀的安装高度 122 带角阀杆的手轮阀的安装高度 123 带垂直阀杆的杠杆操作阀的安装高度 124 带水平阀杆的杠杆操作阀的安装高度 125 只能从一侧接近阀杆的行驶方向 126 弯腰或蹲姿的身体伸展 127 阀杆和手轮的安装位置低于支撑面 128 平行于阀门的梯子的方向和可达性 129 垂直于阀门的梯子的方向和到达距离 130 从梯子上操作阀门 131 横置储罐的阀组 132 位于前后的油箱阀组 133 填充阀、高吸入阀和低吸入阀的阀组 134 默认按钮 135 按钮状态 136 单选按钮 137 复选框 138 滑块控制 139 消息窗口设计 140 手指操作位移操纵手柄规格 141 轨迹球尺寸、阻力和间隙 142 允许噪声暴露限值 143 大型外壳通风要求 144 表面反射率值 145 有限暴露的健康指导区 146 独立符号 147 控制台和面板标签指南 148 控件和控件设置标签 149 控制和显示组标签 150 控件设置多个控件的标签 151 设备标签格式 152 传感器标签 153 管道标记标签 154 具有两种颜色的管道标记标签 155 危险信号字标题 156 标志上的文字和符号示例 157 信息标志示例 158 推拉力示例 159 手柄尺寸 160 手推车的使用 161 推车的使用 162 案例导向 163 检修孔盖 164 定位销示例 165 电缆布置 166 接线盒中建议的电缆布置 167 流体管路连接建议 168 不在舱壁上放置物品的区域 169 安全屏障 表格列表 桌子 标题 1. 推荐手动控制 2. 控制移动期望 3. 两个控件之间的最小间距 4. 位移和等距控制的比较 5. 北美工业的典型状态显示和报警色码 6. 数字显示器的字符大小 7. 音频信号类型的功能评估 8. 视觉报警颜色编码指南 9 声音响度和频率的一般建议 10 声音报警声音选择指南 11 服装和姿势效果 12 有人体测量数据的国际地理区域 13 站立高度维度国际人口 14 坐姿眼睛高度维度国际人口 15 国际人口的前向功能范围 16 来自世界四个地区的男性人体测量数据 17 来自世界四个地区的女性人体测量数据 18 美国成年女性和男性的体重 19 坐姿工作空间尺寸 20 坐式计算机工作站的尺寸 21 最大头顶伸展和抓取范围 22 访问类型的选择 23 楼梯尺寸 24 楼梯宽度 25 扶手布置 26 推荐的坡道角度倾角 27 走道和通道尺寸 28 其他人员移动相关特征的尺寸 29 安装在支撑面下方的杆和手轮的检修孔和安装深度尺寸 30 系统响应时间限制 31 非键盘输入设备的优缺点 32 键盘按钮特性 33 指针形状和相关函数 34 定点设备按钮动作 35 限制鼠标尺寸 36 最大允许噪声级 37 听力保护器的噪声衰减 38 船舶和海上建筑物的照明水平 39 最大亮度比 40 操作环境类型 41 设备标签示例 42 管道标签格式 43 容器/结构管道颜色编码方案示例 44 颜色编码的色度坐标 45 消息文本字符高度 46 提升的设计重量限制 47 承载的设计重量限制 48 限制因素 49 坐姿，向前伸展（双臂） 50 盘腿坐着，向前伸展（双臂） 51 站立，向前伸展（双臂） 52 站立，向前伸展（首选手臂） 53 站立，横向伸展（首选手臂） 54 使用工具单手进入的开口尺寸 55 无工具单手操作的开口尺寸 56 无需工具进入臂的开口尺寸 57 双手进入的开口尺寸 58 热温度极限 59 冲击电流强度及其可能后果 60 最低语音可懂度分数 X1.1 设计的人为因素检查表 1.5 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全和健康实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 ====意义和用途====== 4.1本规程的目标是为海上船舶和结构提供人机工程学设计标准，以确保海上系统和设备的设计符合人的性能、人的工作量、健康和安全、生存能力和宜居性的要求。 4.2 人类行为原则: 4.2.1有一些人类行为的基本原则，可以控制或影响每个人在工作场所的表现。其中一些行为是由文化衍生的，而另一些行为是普遍的，在世界所有文化和地理区域都是一致的。这些行为会影响一个人对工作的身体、社会和心理方式，以及他们工作的安全程度。 在船舶或海上结构物的设计中，如果不满足这些行为原则，可能会鼓励甚至迫使海事人员在日常活动中承担不安全的风险。因此，船舶和海事设备、系统和设施的设计者必须了解这些原则，以便为海事人员提供安全高效的工作场所。 4.2.2这些原则包括: 4.2.2.1如果船员认为船舶或海事设施的设计不安全或效率低下，用户将对其进行修改，通常解决初始问题，但引入其他可能与原始问题一样糟糕或更糟的问题。 4.2.2.2设备设计应鼓励安全使用，即不提供可能以不安全方式使用的硬件和软件。 4.2.2.3如果设备或系统的设计不符合用户的文化和陈规定型期望，导致他们认为它会运行，则人为错误的可能性显著增加。 4.2.2.4如果操作员/维护人员认为设备或系统过于复杂，或需要比他们认为必要的更多的努力来操作或维护，他们将始终寻找“捷径”此外，这种“捷径”在不安全时可能被视为安全的。 4.2.2.5任何培训、公司或组织政策、报复行动威胁、技术手册或培训指南中的警告注释，或恳求人员在工作中安全，都不能克服鼓励、引导甚至强迫人员在工作中采取不安全行为的不良设计。 防止不安全设计导致事故的最有效方法是消除不安全设计。 4.2.2.6设备用户在识别不安全特征时往往缺乏想象力，他们无法想象不安全行为的后果。因此，不要期望每个用户都能识别出“明显危险”的任务。 4.2.2.7设计师应考虑人为错误和设计设备的可能性，以便不正确的使用（故意或意外）将对用户造成很少或没有伤害。 4.2.2.8如果标签、说明或操作图不完整、不清晰、不可读且位置不正确，设备操作员和维护人员往往会猜测其内容。 4.2.2.9设计师和工程师不得将自己作为评估特定设计的标准。人有很多形状、大小、心智能力和能力。因此，为所有潜在用户进行设计，包括身体、心理和社交。 4.2.2.10应保护人员免受伤害。设计者不能制造不安全的设备或系统，并期望用户对其安全使用承担全部责任。 4.2.2.11设备维护的方便性影响设备的可靠性，即维护越难，维护越少。 4.2.2.12设计为需要多个操作员同时工作的设备会增加操作员出错的可能性。 4.2.2.13操作/维护程序应清晰、明确和全面，否则会被误解或忽略。 4.2.2.14结构物项，如管道、电缆桥架或任何其他看起来足够坚固，可供人抓住或站立，并放置在方便的位置以用于该目的的物品，最终将用于该目的。 4.2.2.15人类希望其工作场所的设计和安排保持一致。因此，如果该工作场所或其任何部分出现在其工作环境中的多个地方，则其位置和外观应与每个位置相同。 4.2.2.16当与特定设备相关的控制器和显示器放置在控制台或控制面板上时，它们应位于该控制台或面板上，以复制操作员查看的船舶或结构上设备的实际位置。 因此，操作员面对控制站时左侧的设备应出现在控制面板或控制台的左侧，右侧的设备应出现在控制台或面板的右侧。真实世界和与该世界的设备和系统相关的控制和显示之间的这种“空间关系”在船舶和海洋结构物的设计中极为重要。 4.2.3人类根据其文化经验发展行为模式。设计一艘忽视或违反这些文化衍生行为模式的船舶或结构将不可避免地导致人为错误。 4.3 冲突- 如果本规程中包含的设计标准与人体工程学设计标准的其他来源之间存在冲突，则应以本规程为准，除非冲突标准由监管机构制定 4.4 覆盖范围- 容器、结构、系统、子系统和设备的设计应使用本文包含的设计标准，以提供以下内容: 4.4.1安全大气条件，包括温度和湿度； 4.4.2防止性能退化和生理损伤的噪声和振动限制； 4.4.3人员及其设备的空间，以及在正常和紧急情况下执行操作和维护任务所需的移动和活动的自由空间； 4.4.4正常和紧急情况下，个人之间以及人员与其设备之间的物理、视觉、听觉和其他通信链路； 4.4.5操作和维护工作场所、设备、结构元件、控制装置和显示器的有效安排； 4.4.6自然或人工照明，其水平适合在正常和紧急情况下执行所有操作和维护任务； 4.4.7安全通道、舱口、楼梯、梯子、走道、平台、坡道，以及正常和紧急情况下的其他入口、出口和通道； 4.4.8防护设备和防护服、系统、设备、容器和结构的规定，其设计由穿戴设备和防护服的人员操作和维护； 4.4.9控制/显示界面与人类信息处理能力的兼容性； 4.4.10在操作员采取每次控制动作或行动后，立即、准确和相关地向操作员反馈设备或系统性能； 4.4.11满足人类行为需求的设计，如空间关系、一致性、稳态以及文化和设备期望； 4.4.12提供清晰、简洁、易懂的标签、危险标志、说明和程序； 4.4.13在故障可能导致关键系统失效或设备灾难性损坏、人员受伤或任务能力丧失的区域，提供故障安全设计； 4.4.14将系统操作和维护中的潜在人为错误发生率降至最低的设计，尤其是在压力条件下，以及确保已发生的错误能够及时纠正的设计（设计具有容错性）； 4.4.15设计应尽量减少培训时间和成本，并鼓励简化，以减少操作或维护所需的人员特殊技能或天生能力； 4.4.16将船舶运动对人体性能、健康和安全的不利影响降至最低的设计；和 4.4.17为来自海洋世界所有地理区域的用户群体提供安全高效操作和维护的设计。 4.5 标准化- 对于容器或结构上多次出现的项目或设计，设备和面板布局的控制、显示、标记、编码、标签和布置方案应统一。人机界面应展示基于惯例的通用设计方法，并符合操作员和维护人员的期望。 4.6 现成设备- 选择现成商业或政府提供的设备的一个标准应该是设备符合本规程设计标准的程度。 如果现成设备需要修改以与其他设备接口，则修改的设计应符合本惯例。 4.7 尽量减少人员- 船舶或结构、设备、系统和子系统的设计目标应是减少参与人员数量，尤其是在完成特定任务的同时。另一个设计目标应是优化船舶或系统的人员配备，定义为符合人的绩效、工作量和安全要求、可靠性、可承受性和风险约束的最小人员数量。 4.8 完整性- 人们认识到，任何设计指南或实践都不能涵盖船舶或海洋结构物演变过程中可能出现的每一项设计要求。 人们认识到，在某些情况下，可能需要根据确实存在的数据来解释特定的设计要求。在某些情况下，可能需要从本实践以外的来源获取设计标准。当出现这些情况时，重要的是由受过培训的人因工程（HFE）专业人员提供协助，这些专业人员熟悉这一点以及其他面向海事的设计准则和标准，并在将这些准则应用于船舶和海事结构的设计方面有经验。

1.1 This practice provides ergonomic design criteria from a human-machine perspective for the design and construction of maritime vessels and structures and for equipments, systems, and subsystems contained therein, including vendor-purchased hardware and software. 1.1.1 The focus of these design criteria is on the design and evaluation of human-machine interfaces, including the interfaces between humans on the one side and controls and displays, physical environments, structures, consoles, panels and workstations, layout and arrangement of ship spaces, maintenance workplaces, labels and signage, alarms, computer screens, material handling, valves, and other specific equipments on the other. 1.2 The criteria contained within this practice shall be applied to the design and construction of all hardware and software within a ship or maritime structure that the human crew members come in contact in any manner for operation, habitability, and maintenance purposes. 1.3 Unless otherwise stated in specific provisions of a ship or maritime structure design contract or specification, this practice is to be used to design maritime vessels, structures, equipment, systems, and subsystems to fit the full potential user population range of 5th % females to 95th % males. 1.4 This practice is divided into the following sections and subsections: TABLE OF CONTENTS Section and Subsections Title 1 Scope 2 Referenced Documents 3 Terminology 4 Significance and Use 5 Controls 5.1 Principles of Control Design 5.2 General Design Guidelines 5.3 Control Movement 5.4 Control Spacing 5.5 Coding of Controls 5.6 Control Use and Design 6 Displays 6.1 Visual Displays 6.2 Location, Orientation, Lighting, and Arrangement of Displays 6.3 Display Illumination 6.4 Display Types 6.5 Audible Displays 7 Alarms 7.1 General Alarm Requirements 7.2 Visual Alarms 7.3 Audible Alarms 7.4 Voice Messages 7.5 Alarm Initiation Stations 7.6 Alarm Requirements by IMO 8 Integration of Controls, Displays, and Alarms 8.1 Principles of Design 8.2 Grouping Relationships—Principles of Arrangement 8.3 Separating Groupings 8.4 Position Relationships of Displays and Alarms 8.5 Position Relationships of Controls to Associated Displays and Alarms 8.6 Control and Display Movement Relationships 8.7 Spatial Relationship Between Controls, Displays, and Equipment 8.8 Alternative Approach to Grouping Design 8.9 Special Requirements for Control and Display Integration on Bridges 9 Anthropometry 9.1 General Design Requirements 9.2 Static Anthropometric Data 10 Workplace Arrangements 10.1 Basic Principles of Workplace Design 10.2 Seated Workstation 10.3 Standing Workstation 10.4 Kneeling Workstation 10.5 Squatting Workstation 10.6 Shelving 10.7 Status Boards and File Cabinets 10.8 Work Benches 10.9 Vertical Strainers and Filters 10.10 Reach Limitations at Workstations 10.11 Safety Eyewash Fountains and Showers 10.12 Pedestal-Mounted Controls and Displays 10.13 Hand Cranks and Pumps 10.14 Bulkhead-Mounted Equipment 10.15 Equipment Racks, Cabinets, and Individual Equipment Spacing 10.16 Consoles and Control Panels 10.17 Bridge Design 11 Access Aids: Stairs, Handrails, Railings, Vertical Ladders, Ramps, Doors, Lightening Holes, Hatches, Kick-Out Panels, Passageways and Walkways, and Work Platforms) 11.1 Stairs, Ladders, and Ramps 11.2 Stairs 11.3 Ramps 11.4 Vertical Ladders 11.5 Vertical Ladders with Safety Cages 11.6 Vertical Ladders with Positive Fall Protection Devices 11.7 Special Ladder Requirements 11.8 Handle/Hand Grab 11.9 Individual Rung Ladders 11.10 D-Ring Ladders 11.11 Handrails 11.12 Walkways, Passageways, and Alternate Means of Personnel Movement 11.13 Elevated Work Platforms 11.14 Hatches, Manways, Lightening Holes, Inspection Ports, and Kick-Out Panels 11.15 Doors and Arches 11.16 Permanent Means of Access (PMA) 12 Valve Placement, Orientation, and Location 12.1 General Design Requirements 12.2 Valve Criticality and Location 12.3 Valve-Mounting Heights and Orientations: Handwheel Operated 12.4 Valve-Mounting Heights and Orientations: Lever-Operated Valves 12.5 Alternative Valve Orientations 12.6 Valve Manifolds 13 Human-Computer Interface 13.1 General Design Requirements 13.2 System Operations 13.3 Computer Displays 13.4 Display Content 13.5 Display Coding 13.6 Dynamic Displays 13.7 Display Format 13.8 Textual Data Displays 13.9 Graphic Displays 13.10 Audio Displays 13.11 Data Entry 13.12 Interactive Control 13.13 Graphic Controls 13.14 Windows 13.15 Menus 13.16 Forms 13.17 Alarms 13.18 Language 13.19 Feedback 13.20 Prompts 13.21 Defaults 13.22 Error Management/Data Protection 13.23 Data Security 13.24 Help 13.25 Software 13.26 Data Transmission/Messaging 13.27 Input Devices 13.28 Cursors 13.29 Printing 14 Habitability 14.1 Noise 14.2 Indoor Climate 14.3 Lighting 14.4 Whole-body Vibration and Shock 15 Labeling 15.1 Design Criteria of Labels 15.2 Abbreviations 15.3 Symbols 15.4 Component Labels on Consoles and Panels 15.5 Equipment Identification Labels 15.6 Electrical System Labels 15.7 Room, Deck Space, and Void Identification Labels 15.8 Pipe Marker Labels 15.9 Safe Working Load Identification Labels 15.10 Load Weight Identification Labels 15.11 Hazard Identification Signs 15.12 Information Signs 15.13 Instruction Labels 15.14 Graphical Schematics or Diagrams 15.15 Orientation Plans 15.16 Emergency Instructions 16 Material Handling 16.1 Design to Support Manual Material Lifting and Carrying 16.2 Weight Lifting 16.3 Weight Carrying 16.4 Design to Push for Manual Material Handling 16.5 Design of Handles and Grasp Areas 16.6 Design of Auxiliary Hoisting and Carrying Devices 16.7 Hand Trucks and Wheeled Dollies 16.8 Crane Design 17 Maintenance 17.1 General Design Requirements 17.2 Maintenance Accessibility 17.3 Maintenance Environments 17.4 Lubrication 17.5 Cases 17.6 Covers 17.7 Fasteners 17.8 Hatches, Manways, Lightening Holes for Maintenance Access 17.9 Diagnostics and Troubleshooting 17.10 Equipment Modularization 17.11 Equipment Mounting and Installation 17.12 Standardization 17.13 Electrical Wires and Cables 17.14 Conductors 17.15 Connectors 17.16 Test Equipment 17.17 Fuses and Circuit Breakers 17.18 Hydraulic Systems 17.19 Stored Energy Devices 17.20 Pipe Flanges, Spools, and Blinds 17.21 Test and Sample Points 18 Hazards and Safety 18.1 Safety Labels, Signs, and Excluded Area Markings 18.2 General Workplace Hazards 18.3 General Equipment-Related Hazards 18.4 Electrical Hazards 18.5 Mechanical Hazards 18.6 Fluid Hazards 18.7 Safety Barriers 18.8 Fall Protection 18.9 Emergency Egress 19 Communications 19.1 Communication System Requirements 19.2 Microphones 19.3 Headsets 19.4 Loudspeakers 19.5 Telephone Systems Appendix X1 Human Factors Engineering (HFE) Design Checklist LIST OF FIGURES Figure Title 1 Control Movement Expectations 2 Foot-Operated Switches Design Requirements 3 Pedal Location and Design Requirements 4 Lateral Spacing for Pedals 5 Design Criteria for Discrete Rotary Controls 6 Separation Requirements for Discrete Rotary Controls 7 Dimension, Resistance, and Separation of Continuous Rotary Controls 8 Proper Mounting of Rapidly Operated Cranks 9 Dimensions, Resistance, and Separations Required for Cranks 10 Design Criteria for Pushbuttons 11 Two Types of Legend Switches (Backlit Pushbuttons) 12 Size, Displacement, and Resistance for Legend Switches 13 Design Requirements for Various Types of Toggle Switches 14 Design Requirements for Rocker Switches 15 Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Discrete Slide Switch Controls 16 Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Continuous Slide Controls 17 Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Levers 18 Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Slide Levers 19 Dimensions, Displacement, and Separation of Push-Pull Controls 20 Visual Lines of Sight 21 Primary and Secondary Fields-of-View 22 Design Criteria for Major, Intermediate, and Minor Scale Markings 23 Scale Graduation, Pointer Position, and Scale Numbering Alternatives 24 Scale Number Placement 25 Color and Shape Coding of Ranges on an Analog Display 26 Zero Position and Pointer Movement for Circular Dial Displays 27 Aligned Pointers for Rapid Check Readings 28 Digital Display Design Requirements 29 Grouping Controls and Displays by Common Function 30 Grouping Controls and Displays by Individual Equipments 31 Mirror-Imaged Arrangement of Individual Equipment Control and Display Groupings (Not Recommended) 32 Grouping Controls and Displays by Common Equipment 33 Grouping Controls and Displays by Sequence of Use 34 Grouping with Physical Separation 35 Grouping with Boundary Lines and Borders 36 Grouping with Colored and Shaded Pads 37 Grouping with Sub-panels 38 Position of Individual Controls and Associated Displays for Right-Handed Operator 39 Arrangement of Multiple Rows of Controls and Displays 40 Arrangement of Multiple Rows of Displays and a Single Row of Controls 41 Positional Relationship between Alarm, Display, and Control 42 Positional Relationship between Control Pointer and Status Indicator 43 Control and Display Movement Relationship 44 Spatial Relationship Between Controls, Displays, and Equipment 45 Spatial Relationships Between Equipment and Control Panels 46 Spatial Relationships for Redundant Controls and Displays 47 Panel Layout That Replicates Location of Equipment in Remote Space 48 Mimic of Physical Equipment Functional Layout 49 Mimic of Functional Groups Irrespective of Equipment Layout 50 Standing Body Dimensions 51 Seated Body Dimensions 52 Depth and Breadth Dimensions 53 Hand and Foot Dimensions 54 Gloved Hand Dimensions 55 Seated Workspace Dimensions 56 Dimensions for a Computer Workstation 57 Dimensions for Single or Multiple Personnel at a Table or Other Duty Station Not Requiring a Desk 58 Seating at CRT-Type Workstations 59 Clearance Behind a Seated Workstation 60 Control Mounting Height for Seated Personnel 61 Display Mounting Height for Seated Personnel 62 Control Mounting Height for Standing Personnel 63 Display Mounting Height for Standing Personnel 64 Control Mounting Height for a Kneeling Person 65 Display Mounting Height for Kneeling Personnel 66 Required Dimensions for a Kneeling Worker 67 Control Mounting Height for Squatting Personnel 68 Display Mounting Heights for Squatting Personnel 69 Required Dimensions for a Squatting Worker 70 Workplace Dimensions for Shelves with Full Access 71 Workplace Dimensions for Shelves Located Above a Cabinet 72 Workplace Dimensions for Shelves Requiring Vision Over the Top 73 Front Clearance Requirement for Lower Shelves 74 Mounting Height of Status Boards 75 Clearance in Front of Filing Cabinets 76 Workbench Dimensions 77 Safe Reach Distances Over an Obstacle or Barrier 78 Mounting Heights for Bulkhead-Mounted Equipment in Passageways 79 Mounting Heights for Common Electrical Fixtures 80 Direct Spatial Relationships Between Controls and Equipment 81 Spatial Relationship of Fore and Aft Equipment to Controls and Displays on a Console Located Athwartship 82 Seated Single-Operator Console Dimensions 83 Wraparound Seated Console 84 Special Width Console 85 Multi-Tiered Standing Console 86 Multi-Tiered Seated Console 87 Dimensions for Desktop Standing Console 88 Cargo and Ballast Transfer Consoles 89 Stair Dimensions 90 Straight Run Ramp Dimensions 91 Ramp with Turning Platform 92 Ramp with Switchback Turning Platform 93 Vertical Ladder Dimensions 94 Dimensions for a Vertical Ladder Arrangement 95 Platform/Landing Dimensions for Vertical Ladder Penetration 96 Caged Ladder Dimensions 97 Cage Shape and Size 98 Ladder and Climber Safety Device Dimensions 99 Extended Railing for Ladder Fall Protection (Front View) 100 Extended Railing for Ladder Fall Protection (Side View) 101 Extended Railing and Cage for Ladder Fall Protection (Front View) 102 Extended Railing and Cage for Ladder Fall Protection (Side View) 103 Handles or Hand Grabs for Use as Ladder Extensions 104 Handle for Transition from a Ladder to an Intermediate Platform 105 Recommended Design Criteria for Individual Rung Ladders 106 Dimensions for D-Ring Ladders 107 Fixed Handrail Design 108 Removable Handrail Dimensions 109 Special Handrail Design Dimensions 110 Transition Handrail Dimensions 111 Additional Personnel Movement-Related Design Features 112 Dimensions for Rectangular Access Openings Installed in a Vertical Orientation Requiring a Step to Reach the Opening 113 Dimensions for Rectangular, Square, and Round Hatches, Manways, and Lightening Holes 114 Dimensions for Lightening Holes 115 Access to Vertical Escape Hatches 116 Access to Overhead Hatch 117 Access into a Cargo Hold Through a Raised Hatch 118 Door Placement 119 Desirable Upper Limits for Handwheel Torque 120 Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With Vertical Stems 121 Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With Horizontal Stems 122 Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With Angled Stems 123 Mounting Heights for Lever-Operated Valves With Vertical Stems 124 Mounting Heights for Lever-Operated Valves With Horizontal Stems 125 Direction of Travel for Valve Levers Accessible From One Side Only 126 Physical Reach from a Stooping or Squatting Position 127 Mounting Position for Valve Levers and Handwheels Below Standing Surface 128 Orientation and Reach from Ladder Parallel to Valves 129 Orientation and Reach from Ladder Perpendicular to Valves 130 Operating Valves from a Ladder 131 Valve Manifold for Tanks Located Athwartship 132 Valve Manifold for Tanks Located Fore and Aft 133 Valve Manifold for Fill, High-Suction, and Low-Suction Valves 134 Default Push Button 135 Push Button States 136 Radio Buttons 137 Check Boxes 138 Slider Control 139 Message Window Design 140 Finger-Operated Displacement Joystick Specifications 141 Trackball Dimensions, Resistance, and Clearance 142 Permissible Noise Exposure Limits 143 Large Enclosure Ventilation Requirements 144 Surface Reflectance Values 145 Health Guidance Zones for Limited Exposures 146 Independent Symbols 147 Guidelines for Labels on Consoles and Panels 148 Control and Control Setting Labels 149 Control and Display Group Labels 150 Control Setting Labels for Multiple Controls 151 Equipment Label Format 152 Sensor Label 153 Pipe Marker Labels 154 Pipe Marker Labels with Two Colors 155 Hazard Signal Word Headers 156 Examples of Text and Symbol on Signs 157 Example of Information Sign 158 Examples of Push-Pull Forces 159 Handle Dimensions 160 Use of Hand Trucks 161 Use of Dollies 162 Case Orientation 163 Access Opening Covers 164 Example of Alignment Pins 165 Cable Arrangements 166 Suggested Cable Arrangement in a Junction Box 167 Fluid Line Connection Recommendations 168 Areas Not To Place Items on Bulkhead 169 Safety Barriers LIST OF TABLES Table Title 1 Recommended Manual Controls 2 Control Movement Expectations 3 Minimum Spacing Between Two Controls 4 Comparison of Displacement and Isometric Controls 5 Typical Status Display and Alarm Color Codes for North American Industry 6 Character Sizes for Digital Displays 7 Functional Evaluation of Types of Audio Signals 8 Guidelines for Color Coding of Visual Alarms 9 General Recommendations for Sound Loudness and Frequency 10 Guidelines for Selecting Audible Alarm Sounds 11 Clothing and Postural Effects 12 International Geographical Regions for Which Anthropometric Data Are Available 13 Standing Height Dimensions—International Population 14 Seated Eye Height Dimensions—International Population 15 Forward Functional Reach Dimensions—International Population 16 Male Anthropometric Data from Four Regions of the World 17 Female Anthropometric Data from Four Regions of the World 18 Weights for American Adult Females and Males 19 Seated Workspace Dimensions 20 Dimensions for a Seated Computer Workstation 21 Maximum Overhead Extended and Gripping Reach 22 Selection of Access Type 23 Stair Dimensions 24 Stair Widths 25 Handrail Arrangements 26 Recommended Ramp Angle Inclinations 27 Walkway and Passageway Dimensions 28 Dimensions for Additional Personnel Movement-Related Features 29 Access Opening and Mounting Depth Dimensions for Levers and Handwheels Mounted Below the Standing Surface 30 System Response Time Limits 31 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonkeyboard Input Devices 32 Keyboard Push-Button Characteristics 33 Pointer Shapes and Associated Functions 34 Pointing Device Button Actions 35 Limiting Dimensions for Mouse 36 Maximum Permissible Noise Levels 37 Noise Attenuation from Hearing Protectors 38 Lighting Levels for Ships and Maritime Structures 39 Maximum Brightness Ratios 40 Operational Environment Types 41 Examples of Equipment Labels 42 Pipe Label Format 43 Example Color-Coding Scheme for Vessel/Structure Piping 44 Chromaticity Coordinates for Color Coding 45 Message Text Character Heights 46 Design Weight Limits for Lifting 47 Design Weight Limits for Carrying 48 Limiting Factors 49 Seated, Forward Reach (Both Arms) 50 Cross-Legged Seated, Forward Reach (Both Arms) 51 Standing, Forward Reach (Both Arms) 52 Standing, Forward Reach (Preferred Arm) 53 Standing, Lateral Reach (Preferred Arm) 54 Opening Dimensions for Single-Hand Access with Tools 55 Opening Dimensions for Single-Hand Access without Tools 56 Opening Dimensions for Arm Access without Tools 57 Opening Dimensions for Two-Hand Access 58 Thermal Temperature Limits 59 Shock Current Intensities and Their Probable Consequences 60 Minimum Speech Intelligibility Scores X1.1 Human Factors Checklist for Design 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 The objective of this practice is to provide ergonomic design criteria for maritime vessels and structures to ensure that maritime systems and equipment are designed in compliance with requirements for human performance, human workload, health and safety, survivability, and habitability. 4.2 Principles of Human Behavior: 4.2.1 There are basic principles of human behavior that control or influence how each person performs in their workplace. Some of these behaviors are culturally derived, while others are general and uniform across all cultures and geographical regions of the world. These behaviors influence a person's physical, social, and psychological approach toward the work they do and how safely they do that work. Failure to satisfy these behavioral principles in the design of a ship or maritime structure can encourage, or even coerce, maritime personnel into taking unsafe risks in their everyday activities. It is, therefore, imperative that designers of ships and maritime equipment, systems, and facilities know these principles to provide a safe and efficient workplace for maritime personnel. 4.2.2 These principles include: 4.2.2.1 If the design of the ship or maritime facility is considered to be unsafe or inefficient by the crew, it will be modified by the users, often solving the initial problem but introducing others that may be as bad, or worse, than the original. 4.2.2.2 Equipment design shall be such that it encourages safe use, that is, does not provide hardware and software that can be used in an unsafe manner. 4.2.2.3 If the equipment or system is not designed to operate as the users' cultural and stereotypical expectations lead them to think that it will operate, the chance for human error is significantly increased. 4.2.2.4 If equipment or systems are perceived by operators/maintainers to be too complex or require more effort to operate or maintain than they believe is necessary, they will always look for a “shortcut.” Further, this “shortcut” may be perceived as being safe when it is not. 4.2.2.5 No amount of training, company or organizational policy, threats of retaliatory action, warning notes in a technical manual or training guide, or pleading with personnel to be safe on the job can overcome poor design that encourages, leads, or even coerces personnel into unsafe acts on the job. The most efficient way to prevent unsafe design from contributing to an accident is to eliminate the unsafe design. 4.2.2.6 Equipment users tend to be very unimaginative when it comes to identifying unsafe features and they do not visualize the consequences of unsafe acts. Therefore, do not expect that an “obviously dangerous” task will always be recognized as such by every user. 4.2.2.7 Designers shall consider the possibility for human error and design equipment so that incorrect use (deliberate or accidental) will result in little or no harm to the user. 4.2.2.8 Equipment operators and maintainers tend to make guesses as to what a label, instruction, or operational chart states if it is not complete, legible, readable, and positioned correctly. 4.2.2.9 Designers and engineers shall never use themselves as the standard against which a particular design is evaluated. People come in many shapes, sizes, mental capacities, and capabilities. Therefore, design for the full range of potential users, physically, mentally, and socially. 4.2.2.10 People shall be protected against themselves. Designers cannot create an unsafe piece of equipment or system and expect the users to assume full responsibility for its safe use. 4.2.2.11 Ease of equipment maintenance affects the equipment's reliability, that is, the harder it is to be maintained, the less it will be maintained. 4.2.2.12 Equipment designed to require multiple operators working together simultaneously increases the likelihood of operator errors. 4.2.2.13 Operational/maintenance procedures shall be clear, definitive, and comprehensive, otherwise, they will be misinterpreted or ignored. 4.2.2.14 Structural items such as piping, cable trays, or any other item that appears strong enough to be used by a person to hold onto or stand on, and is placed in a convenient location to use for that purpose, will eventually be used for that purpose. 4.2.2.15 Humans expect consistency in the design and arrangement of their workplace. Therefore, if that workplace, or any part thereof, appears in more than one place in their work environment, it is expected to be located and look the same way at every location. 4.2.2.16 When controls and displays associated with particular pieces of equipment are placed on a console or control panel, they shall be located on that console or panel to replicate the actual location of the equipment on the ship or structure as both are viewed by the operator. Therefore, equipment that is to the operator's left as he/she faces the control station shall appear on the left of the control panel or console, and equipment to the right shall appear on the right side of the console or panel. This “spatial relationship” between the real world and the controls and displays that are associated with the equipments and systems of that world is extremely important in the design of ships and maritime structures. 4.2.3 Humans develop behavioral patterns based on their cultural experiences. Designing a ship or structure that ignores or violate those culturally derived behavior patterns will inevitably lead to human error. 4.3 Conflicts— Where conflicts exist between the design criteria contained in this practice and other sources of ergonomic design criteria, this practice should prevail except where the conflicting criteria were produced by a regulatory authority 4.4 Coverage— The design of vessels, structures, systems, subsystems, and equipment shall use the design criteria contained herein to provide the following: 4.4.1 Safe atmospheric conditions including temperature and humidity; 4.4.2 Limits on acoustic noise and vibration that will prevent performance degradation and physiological damage; 4.4.3 Space for personnel, their equipment, and free volume for the movements and activities they are required to perform for operational and maintenance tasks under both normal and emergency conditions; 4.4.4 Physical, visual, auditory, and other communication links between individual personnel and between personnel and their equipment under both normal and emergency conditions; 4.4.5 Efficient arrangement of operation and maintenance workplaces, equipment, structural elements, controls, and displays; 4.4.6 Natural or artificial illumination at levels suitable to perform all operational and maintenance tasks under both normal and emergency conditions; 4.4.7 Safe passageways, hatches, stairs, ladders, walkways, platforms, ramps, and other provisions for ingress, egress, and passage under both normal and emergency conditions; 4.4.8 Provision for protective equipment and clothing, systems, equipments, vessels, and structures that are designed to be operated and maintained by personnel wearing the equipment and clothing; 4.4.9 Compatibility of control/display interfaces with human information processing capability; 4.4.10 Immediate, accurate, and pertinent feedback to the operator of equipment or system performance after each control movement or action taken by the operator; 4.4.11 Designs that satisfy human behavioral needs such as spatial relationships, consistency, homeostasis, and cultural and equipment expectations; 4.4.12 Provision for labels, hazard signage, instructions, and procedures that are clear, concise, and understandable; 4.4.13 Provision for fail-safe designs in those areas in which failure can disable a vital system or cause catastrophic damage to equipment, injury to personnel, or loss of mission capability; 4.4.14 Designs that minimize potential human error incidence in the operation and maintenance of the system, particularly under conditions of stress and designs that ensure that errors, having been committed, can be corrected in time (the design is error tolerant); 4.4.15 Designs that minimize training time and costs and encourage simplicity so as to reduce personnel special skills or innate abilities required to operate or maintain them; 4.4.16 Designs that minimize the adverse impact of ship motion on human performance and health and safety; and 4.4.17 Designs that provide for safe and efficient operation and maintenance by user populations from all geographical regions of the maritime world. 4.5 Standardization— Controls, displays, markings, coding, labeling, and arrangement schemes for equipment and panel layouts shall be uniform for those items or designs that appear more than once on the vessel or structure. Human-machine interfaces shall exhibit common design approaches based on conventions and conformance to operator and maintainer expectations. 4.6 Off-the-Shelf Equipment— One criterion for selecting off-the-shelf commercial or government-furnished equipment should be the degree to which the equipment conforms to the design criteria of this practice. Where off-the-shelf equipment requires modification to interface with other equipment, the modification should be designed to comply with this practice. 4.7 Minimize Personnel— The design objective of the vessel or structure, equipments, systems, and subsystems shall be to reduce the number of personnel involved, especially simultaneously, in completing a particular task. Another design objective shall be to optimize ship or system manning, defined as the minimum number of personnel consistent with human performance, workload and safety requirements, reliability, affordability, and risk constraints. 4.8 Completeness— It is realized that no design guide or practice can cover every design requirement that might occur through the course of a ship or maritime structure's evolution. It is recognized that there will be occurrences in which a particular design requirement may have to be interpreted from the data that do exist. There may also be occasions in which design criteria may have to be acquired from a source other than this practice. When those occurrences arise, it is important that assistance be provided by trained human factors engineering (HFE) professionals familiar with this, and other, maritime-oriented design guidelines and standards and experienced in the application of these guidelines to the design of ships and maritime structures.