1.1这些定义适用于ASTM委员会D18标准术语部分中的许多术语。 1.2本术语标准定义了ASTM委员会D18管辖范围内标准各章节中发现的与土壤、岩石和所含流体相关的术语。 1.3术语中包含与冻土相关的术语定义 D7099 . ====意义和用途====== 本标准中的定义应视为适用于D18委员会其他ASTM标准中的术语。在本委员会管辖下发布的多个标准中可能会发现某些条款，其中许多条款已纳入本标准。 某些教科书中定义的术语可能与本术语标准中的术语略有不同。本术语标准中的定义应视为符合ASTM的使用要求。 参考资料见附录X1。 许多定义包括符号。符号以斜体显示在术语名称之后。 如果单个术语有两个或多个符号，则符号的显示顺序不应具有任何意义。 给出的符号是示例；因此，可以接受其他符号。 符号见附录X2。 许多定义表示括号中的测量单位，如果给定，则在符号后面。 适用单位用粗体大写字母表示，如下所示: D 无量纲 F 力，如磅力、吨力、牛顿 L 长度，例如英寸、英尺、毫米和米 M 质量，如千克、克 T 时间，例如秒、分钟 正指数表示分子中的倍数。负指数表示分母中的倍数。角度表示为 “ 度。 ” 故意省略了用国际单位制或英寸磅制表示单位，以便将系统和特定单位的选择留给工程师和特定应用，例如: 佛罗里达州 − 2. 可以用磅力/平方英寸、千帕、吨/平方英尺等表示。 书信电报 − 1. 可以用英尺/分钟、米/秒等表示。 在交叉引用同义词的情况下，定义通常按字母顺序包含在早期术语中。如果不是这样，则后一项更为重要。 标有（ISRM）的定义是为了方便用户，直接取自国际岩石力学学会（见X1.3）。 定义分组和相关术语列表 — 为了帮助用户查找术语，本术语标准提供了定义分组和相关术语列表。 分组 — 其中一些定义是 密集 , 单位重量 和 比重 . 列表（请参阅 附录X3 ) — 相关条款清单可能以以下项目为标题: 含水层 , 密集 , 层次 , 指数 , 比重 和 单位重量 .

1.1 These definitions apply to many terms found in the Terminology section of standards of ASTM Committee D18. 1.2 This terminology standard defines terms related to soil, rock, and contained fluids found in the various sections of standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18. 1.3 Definitions of terms relating to frozen soils are contained in Terminology D7099 . ====== Significance And Use ====== Definitions in this standard are to be regarded as the correct ones for terms found in other ASTM standards of Committee D18. Certain terms may be found in more than one standard issued under the jurisdiction of this committee and many of these terms have been placed in this standard. Terms that are defined in some textbooks may differ slightly from those in this terminology standard. Definitions in this terminology standard are to be regarded as correct for ASTM usage. See Appendix X1 for References. A number of the definitions include symbols. The symbols appear in italics immediately after the name of the term. No significance should be placed on the order in which the symbols are presented where two or more are given for an individual term. The symbols presented are examples; therefore, other symbols are acceptable. See Appendix X2 for Symbols. A number of definitions indicate the units of measurements in parentheses and which follow the symbol(s) if given. The applicable units are indicated by bold capital letters, as follows: D Dimensionless F Force, such as pound-force, ton-force, newton L Length, such as inch, foot, millimeter, and meter M Mass, such as kilogram, gram T Time, such as second, minute Positive exponents designate multiples in the numerator. Negative exponents designate multiples in the denominator. Degrees of angle are indicated as “ degrees. ” Expressing the units either in SI or the inch-pound system has been purposely omitted in order to leave the choice of the system and specific unit to the engineer and the particular application, for example: FL − 2 may be expressed in pounds-force per square inch, kilopascals, tons per square foot, etc. LT − 1 may be expressed in feet per minute, meters per second, etc. Where synonymous terms are cross-referenced, the definition is usually included with the earlier term alphabetically. Where this is not the case, the later term is the more significant. Definitions marked with (ISRM) are included for the convenience of the user and were taken directly from the International Society for Rock Mechanics (see X1.3). Grouping of Definitions and Listing of Related Terms — To aide users in finding terms, this terminology standard provides grouping of definitions and listing of related terms. Groupings — Some of these groupings of definitions are density , unit weight , and specific gravity . Listings (see Appendix X3 ) — The listing of related terms might be headed by such items as aquifer , density , gradation , index , specific gravity , and unit weight .