BS PD CEN/TS 16817-2:2015描述了花粉，尤其是 转基因生物（GMO）-可以通过蜂群进行取样。蜂群，尤其是觅食的蜜蜂，活跃地在一个地区漫游，因此与该地区有关 采样器。花粉取样取决于蜜蜂的采集活动和花粉的可用性 根据蜜蜂的喜好（蜜源植物的供应）在空间区域内的来源。A. 蜂群通常在半径达5公里（中位数1.6公里，平均2.2公里）的区域内觅食，这种情况非常罕见 某些情况下，一些蜜蜂也可能会在长达10公里或更长的距离内觅食[26]。觅食者将收集的花粉固定在后腿外侧（花粉量，也称为花粉） 颗粒）。在蜂巢内，他们将这些花粉装入靠近窝巢（蜜蜂）的梳状细胞中 面包）。此外，觅食者采集花蜜和蜜露。 花蜜中含有从树上落下的花粉 花药进入花蜜滴中，或花粉被风吹散，并在花枝中附着 其他花朵的花蜜或附着在植物粘性蜜露上的花蜜。花蜜和蜜露 转化为蜂蜜，由蜜蜂储存在蜂箱中。蜂蜜、花粉量和蜜蜂面包可作为后续花粉分析的样品基质 因为有可能浓缩足够数量的花粉用于显微镜和分子生物学 诊断学。显微镜分析用于鉴定各种花粉类型，并量化暴露于花粉的数量 针对有问题的花粉类型。通过分子生物学方法分析转基因风险: 花粉DNA定量PCR方法的分析在本技术手册中使用和描述 规格使用ELISA分析花粉中的转基因特异性蛋白质和毒素也是可能的，但是 到目前为止，该方法还没有在花粉基质中进行足够的评估，以便在本研究中进行标准化 技术规格。交叉引用:DIN 10760CEN/TS 16817-1ISO 5725-1VDI 4330-1VDI 4330-3VDI 4330-42001/18/EC2002/811/E购买本文件时提供的所有现行修订版均包含在购买本文件中。

BS PD CEN/TS 16817-2:2015 describes a procedure through which pollen - in particular pollen of genetically modified organisms (GMO) - can be sampled by means of bee colonies.Bee colonies, especially the foraging bees, actively roam an area and are therefore area related samplers. Pollen sampling depends on the collection activity of the bees and the availability of pollen sources within the spatial zone according to the bees' preferences (supply of melliferous plants). A colony of bees normally forages over an area of up to 5 km radius (median 1,6 km, mean 2,2 km), in rare cases some bees may also forage in greater distances up to 10 km and more [26].Foragers fix the gathered pollen on the outside of their hind legs (pollen loads, also known as pollen pellets). Inside the hive they place these pollen loads into comb cells close to the brood nest (bee bread). Furthermore, foragers gather nectar and honeydew. Nectar contains pollen which fell from the anthers of the blossom into the nectar drop, or pollen which was dispersed by the wind and sticks in the nectar of other blossoms or adheres to the sticky honeydew of plants. Nectar and honeydew are converted to honey and stored by the bees in the beehive.Honey, pollen load and bee-bread may be used as sample matrices for the subsequent analysis of pollen as it is possible to concentrate sufficient amounts of pollen for microscopic and molecular biological diagnostics.Microscopic analysis is used to identify the various pollen types and to quantify the exposure to the target pollen types in question. GMO exposure is analysed by molecular-biological methods: For analysis of pollen DNA quantitative PCR methods are used and described here in this Technical Specification. The analysis of GMO specific proteins and toxins in pollen is possible, too, using ELISA, but to this date the method has not been evaluated enough in pollen matrices for standardization in this Technical Specification.Cross References:DIN 10760CEN/TS 16817-1ISO 5725-1VDI 4330-1VDI 4330-3VDI 4330-42001/18/EC2002/811/ECAll current amendments available at time of purchase are included with the purchase of this document.