本文研究了蒸发器和冷凝器的二次流体温度对水-水地源热泵（GSHP）能量使用的影响。在本文的第一部分中，通过检查理想制冷循环的性能系数（COP），从热力学角度评估了与源温度和负载温度之间的小温差相关的能耗降低。然后，对一个典型的水-水热泵的性能图进行检查，以确定一系列源/负载温度和流量的实际COP。在论文的第二部分，对一个为一口井提供空间供暖和生活热水（DHW）的地源热泵系统进行了年度模拟- 隔热单户住宅。在总共八种情况下，对两种不同的负载温度、两种不同的源和负载流量进行了检查。季节性性能系数（SPF）的概念用于说明进入系统的所有能量流，包括泵送能量。结果表明，当源流量和负载流量分别为9.0 gpm（0.56 l/s）和4.5 gpm（0.28 l/s）时，返回负载温度为40°C（104°F）时，SPF4的最大值（2.44）达到。在本文研究的八种情况下，SPF4的最低值和最高值之间存在8%的差异，这表明源和负载流速以及负载温度的选择对于限制地源热泵的能源使用相对重要。引用: 2016年冬季会议，佛罗里达州奥兰多，会议论文

This paper examines the impact of the secondary fluid temperatures at the evaporator and condenser on the energy use of water-to-water ground-source heat pumps (GSHP). In the first part of the paper, the energy consumption reduction associated with small temperature differences between source and load temperatures is evaluated from a thermodynamic point-of-view by examining the coefficient of performance (COP) of an ideal refrigeration cycle. Then, the performance map of a typical water-to-water heat pump is examined to determine real COPs for a range of source/load temperatures and flow rates. In the second part of the paper, annual simulations are performed on a ground-source heat pump system providing space heating and domestic hot water (DHW) for a well-insulated single-family house. Two different load temperatures and two different source and load flow rates are examined for a total of eight cases. The concept of seasonal performance factors (SPF) is used to account for all the energy flows into the system including pumping energy. Results show that the highest value of SPF4 (2.44) is obtained when the source and load flow rates are 9.0 gpm (0.56 l/s) and 4.5 gpm (0.28 l/s) respectively, and the return load temperature is 40 °C (104 °F). There is a difference of 8% between the lowest and highest values of SPF4 for the eight cases studied here indicating that the choice of the source and load flow rates as well as the load temperature is relatively important to limit the energy use of GSHP.