1.1 该标准为土制建筑系统（也称为土制建筑）提供了指导，并解决了技术要求和可持续发展的考虑。土建筑系统包括土坯、夯土、cob、铸造土和其他用作结构和非结构墙系统的土建筑技术。 附注1: 这些指南中没有具体描述的其他土建筑系统，以及许多地区常见的圆顶、拱形和拱形土结构，在符合成功的当地建筑传统或工程判断的情况下，也可以使用这些指南。 1.1.1 在建筑的设计和建造中，有许多决策有助于为子孙后代维护生态系统的组成部分和功能。其中一个决定是选择建筑中使用的产品。本指南解决了与使用土墙建筑系统相关的可持续性问题。 1.1.2 与土墙建筑系统相关的可持续发展考虑因素分为以下几类:材料（产品原料）、制造工艺、操作性能（产品安装）和室内环境质量（IEQ）。 1.1.3 土建筑系统的技术要求分类如下:设计标准、结构和非结构系统以及结构和非结构部件。 1.2 本指南的规定不适用于建筑用铸石的材料和产品（见规范 C1364 ). 1.3 以SI单位或英寸表示的值-英镑单位应单独视为标准单位。每个系统中陈述的值可能不完全等同；因此，每个系统应独立使用。合并两个系统的值可能导致不符合标准。 1.4 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全性问题（如果有）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前建立适当的安全、健康和环境实践并确定法规限制的适用性。 1.5 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。======意义和用途====== 5.1 历史概况- 土制建筑系统已经在世界各地使用了几千年。土坯建筑可以追溯到公元前8300年左右建造的耶利哥城墙。许多现存的土结构已经运行了数百年。然而，随着新型建筑材料的发展，土制建筑系统在世界上曾经普遍使用的地区已经失宠。与此同时，在多种因素的推动下，土制建筑正在工业化世界复兴。 5.2 可持续发展- 随着世界人口持续增长，人们继续满足基本的住房需求，越来越有必要推广对地球生命周期影响较小的建筑技术。土制建筑系统是一种可能对生命周期产生有利影响的技术。 5.3 建筑规范影响- 土制建筑系统在历史上并没有被设计过，但截至20世纪末 th 世纪历史上第一次有可能将合理的结构设计方法可靠地应用于土制建筑。在过去的几十年里，基于对土结构的抗震、热和防潮耐久性能的大量研究和现场观察，世界各地出现了大量的土建筑规范、指南和标准。其中一些标准是: 澳大利亚土楼手册 加州历史建筑规范 中国建筑标准 厄瓜多尔土建筑标准 德国土建筑标准 印度土建筑标准 国际建筑规范/土坯施工规定 新墨西哥州土制建筑材料规范 新西兰土建筑标准 秘鲁土建筑标准 本指南借鉴了这些文件和迄今为止为工程师、建筑官员和监管机构提供土制建筑指导的全球经验。 5.4 观众- 土制建筑和本指南有两个主要且有时重叠的市场: 5.4.1 具有历史或本土土建筑传统的地区- 在土建筑融入文化的地方，或者很少有实用或经济的途径进入其他建筑系统的地方，本指南可以为提高生命安全和建筑耐久性设定一个框架。5.4.2 对土制建筑有新兴或复兴兴趣的地区- 在有时选择地球而不是其他选项作为主要结构材料的地方，本指南提供了一个编纂和工程设计的框架。

1.1 This standard provides guidance for earthen building systems, also called earthen construction, and addresses both technical requirements and considerations for sustainable development. Earthen building systems include adobe, rammed earth, cob, cast earth, and other earthen building technologies used as structural and non-structural wall systems. Note 1: Other earthen building systems not specifically described in these guidelines, as well as domed, vaulted, and arched earthen structures as are common in many areas, can also make use of these guidelines when consistent with successful local building traditions or engineering judgment. 1.1.1 There are many decisions in the design and construction of a building that can contribute to the maintenance of ecosystem components and functions for future generations. One such decision is the selection of products for use in the building. This guide addresses sustainability issues related to the use of earthen wall building systems. 1.1.2 The considerations for sustainable development relative to earthen wall building systems are categorized as follows: materials (product feedstock), manufacturing process, operational performance (product installed), and indoor environmental quality (IEQ). 1.1.3 The technical requirements for earthen building systems are categorized as follows: design criteria, structural and non-structural systems, and structural and non-structural components. 1.2 Provisions of this guide do not apply to materials and products used in architectural cast stone (see Specification C1364 ). 1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 Historical Overview— Earthen building systems have been used throughout the world for thousands of years. Adobe construction dates back to the walls of Jericho which were built around 8300 B.C. Many extant earthen structures have been functioning for hundreds of years. However, with the development of newer building materials, earthen building systems have fallen into disfavor in parts of the world where they were once commonly used. At the same time, earthen construction is experiencing a revival in the industrialized world, driven by a number of factors. 5.2 Sustainability— As world population continues to rise and people continue to address basic shelter requirements, it becomes increasingly necessary to promote construction techniques with less life cycle impact on the earth. Earthen building systems are one type of technique that may have a favorable life cycle impact. 5.3 Building Code Impact— Earthen building systems have historically not been engineered, but as of the late 20 th Century it is for the first time in history possible to reliably apply rational structural design methods to earthen construction. A large number of earthen building codes, guidelines, and standards have appeared around the world over the past few decades, based upon a considerable amount of research and field observations regarding the seismic, thermal, and moisture durability performance of earthen structures. Some of those standards are: Australian Earth Building Handbook California Historical Building Code Chinese Building Standards Ecuadorian Earthen Building Standards German Earthen Building Standards Indian Earthen Building Standards International Building Code / provisions for adobe construction New Mexico Earthen Building Materials Code New Zealand Earthen Building Standards Peruvian Earthen Building Standards This guide draws from those documents and the global experience to date in providing guidance on earthen construction to engineers, building officials, and regulatory agencies. 5.4 Audience— There are two primary and sometimes overlapping markets for earthen construction and for this guide: 5.4.1 Areas with Historical or Indigenous Earthen Building Traditions— In places where earthen architecture is embedded in the culture, or there is little practical or economical access to other building systems, this guide can set a framework for increasing life safety and building durability. 5.4.2 Areas with a Nascent or Reviving Interest in Earthen Architecture— In places where earth is sometimes chosen over other options as the primary structural material, this guide provides a framework for codification and engineering design.