1.1 这些试验方法包括通过维氏和努氏压痕硬度原理测定金属材料的维氏硬度和努氏硬度。本标准规定了维氏硬度计和努氏硬度计的要求，以及进行维氏硬度计与努氏硬度试验的程序。 1.2 本标准包括附件中的附加要求: 维氏和努氏硬度试验机的验证 附件A1 维氏和努氏硬度标准化机 附件A2 维氏和努氏压头的标准化 附件A3 维氏和努氏硬度试块的标准化 附件A4 球面和柱面维氏硬度试验的修正系数 附件A5 1.3 本标准在附录中包含了与维氏硬度和努氏硬度试验相关的非强制性信息: 维氏硬度和努氏硬度不确定度测定程序示例 附录X1 1.4 本试验方法包括使用范围为9的试验力进行的维氏硬度试验。 807×10 -3 N至1176.80 N（1 gf至120 kgf），使用9.807×10的试验力进行努氏硬度试验 -3 N至19.613 N（1 gf至2 kgf）。 1.5 在显微压痕力范围（力 ≤ 1 kgf）可在试验方法中找到 E384 ，材料显微压痕硬度的试验方法。 1.6 单位-- 当进行维氏和努氏硬度试验时，力水平以克力（gf）和千克力（kgf）为单位进行规定。本标准规定了国际单位制（SI）中的力和长度单位；即以牛顿（N）为单位的力和以毫米或µm为单位的长度。然而，由于历史先例和持续的常见用法，以gf和kgf为单位的力值仅供参考，本标准中的大部分讨论以及报告测试结果的方法都涉及这些单位。 注1: 维氏硬度和努氏硬度最初是根据以千克为单位的试验力来定义的- 力（kgf）和表面积或投影面积，单位为平方毫米（mm 2. )。如今，国际上对硬度值的定义是以国际单位制为单位，即以牛顿（N）为单位的试验力。然而，在实践中，最常用的力单位是千克力（kgf）和克力（gf）。使用牛顿力单位时，力必须除以转换系数9.80665 N/kgf。 1.7 维氏硬度和努氏硬度试验的试验原理、试验程序和验证程序基本相同。两次试验之间的显著差异在于各自压头的几何形状、硬度值的计算方法，以及维氏硬度可在比努氏硬度更高的力水平下使用。 注2: 虽然E28委员会主要关注金属材料，但所述测试程序适用于其他材料。其他材料可能需要特殊考虑，例如请参阅 C1326 和 C1327 用于陶瓷测试。 1.8 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.9 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 ===意义和用途====== 4.1 维氏硬度和努氏硬度测试已被发现对材料评估、制造过程的质量控制以及研发工作非常有用。硬度，虽然本质上是经验的，但可以与许多金属的抗拉强度相关，并且是耐磨性和延展性的指标。 4.2 微压痕硬度测试将测试扩展到对于宏观压痕硬度测试来说太薄或太小的材料。微压痕硬度测试也允许特定的相或成分、区域或梯度太小，无法评估宏观压痕硬度测试。显微压痕试验的建议见试验方法 E384 。 4.3 由于维氏硬度和努氏硬度将揭示材料中可能存在的硬度变化，因此单个测试值可能无法代表整体硬度。 4.4 试验均质材料时，维氏压头通常在所有试验力下产生基本相同的硬度值，但使用极低力（低于25 gf）的试验或对角线小于约25µm的压痕除外（见试验方法 E384 )。对于各向同性材料，维氏压痕的两条对角线长度相等。 4.5 努氏压头通常在较宽的试验力范围内产生类似的硬度值，但随着试验力的减小，硬度值往往会增加。 当测试硬度较高的材料时，较低测试力时硬度值的增加通常更为显著，当使用低于50 gf的测试力时，硬度值的提高也越来越显著（见测试方法 E384 )。 4.6 努氏压头的细长四边菱形形状，其中长对角线的长度是短对角线的7.114倍，在相同的试验条件下，产生的压痕比方形棱锥维氏压头更窄、更浅。因此，努氏硬度测试对于评估硬度梯度非常有用，因为通过在硬度梯度方向上用短对角线定向努氏压痕，努氏压痕可以比维氏压痕更紧密地结合在一起。

1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the Vickers hardness and Knoop hardness of metallic materials by the Vickers and Knoop indentation hardness principles. This standard provides the requirements for Vickers and Knoop hardness machines and the procedures for performing Vickers and Knoop hardness tests. 1.2 This standard includes additional requirements in annexes: Verification of Vickers and Knoop Hardness Testing Machines Annex A1 Vickers and Knoop Hardness Standardizing Machines Annex A2 Standardization of Vickers and Knoop Indenters Annex A3 Standardization of Vickers and Knoop Hardness Test Blocks Annex A4 Correction Factors for Vickers Hardness Tests Made on Spherical and Cylindrical Surfaces Annex A5 1.3 This standard includes nonmandatory information in an appendix which relates to the Vickers and Knoop hardness tests: Examples of Procedures for Determining Vickers and Knoop Hardness Uncertainty Appendix X1 1.4 This test method covers Vickers hardness tests made utilizing test forces ranging from 9.807 × 10 -3 N to 1176.80 N (1 gf to 120 kgf), and Knoop hardness tests made utilizing test forces from 9.807 × 10 -3 N to 19.613 N (1 gf to 2 kgf). 1.5 Additional information on the procedures and guidance when testing in the microindentation force range (forces ≤ 1 kgf) may be found in Test Method E384 , Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials. 1.6 Units— When the Vickers and Knoop hardness tests were developed, the force levels were specified in units of grams-force (gf) and kilograms-force (kgf). This standard specifies the units of force and length in the International System of Units (SI); that is, force in Newtons (N) and length in mm or µm. However, because of the historical precedent and continued common usage, force values in gf and kgf units are provided for information and much of the discussion in this standard as well as the method of reporting the test results refers to these units. Note 1: The Vickers and Knoop hardness numbers were originally defined in terms of the test force in kilogram-force (kgf) and the surface area or projected area in millimetres squared (mm 2 ). Today, the hardness numbers are internationally defined in terms of SI units, that is, the test force in Newtons (N). However, in practice, the most commonly used force units are kilogram-force (kgf) and gram-force (gf). When Newton units of force are used, the force must be divided by the conversion factor 9.80665 N/kgf. 1.7 The test principles, testing procedures, and verification procedures are essentially identical for both the Vickers and Knoop hardness tests. The significant differences between the two tests are the geometries of the respective indenters, the method of calculation of the hardness numbers, and that Vickers hardness may be used at higher force levels than Knoop hardness. Note 2: While Committee E28 is primarily concerned with metallic materials, the test procedures described are applicable to other materials. Other materials may require special considerations, for example see C1326 and C1327 for ceramic testing. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 Vickers and Knoop hardness tests have been found to be very useful for materials evaluation, quality control of manufacturing processes and research and development efforts. Hardness, although empirical in nature, can be correlated to tensile strength for many metals, and is an indicator of wear resistance and ductility. 4.2 Microindentation hardness tests extend testing to materials that are too thin or too small for macroindentation hardness tests. Microindentation hardness tests also allow specific phases or constituents and regions or gradients too small for macroindentation hardness testing to be evaluated. Recommendations for microindentation testing can be found in Test Method E384 . 4.3 Because the Vickers and Knoop hardness will reveal hardness variations that may exist within a material, a single test value may not be representative of the bulk hardness. 4.4 The Vickers indenter usually produces essentially the same hardness number at all test forces when testing homogeneous material, except for tests using very low forces (below 25 gf) or for indentations with diagonals smaller than about 25 µm (see Test Method E384 ). For isotropic materials, the two diagonals of a Vickers indentation are equal in length. 4.5 The Knoop indenter usually produces similar hardness numbers over a wide range of test forces, but the numbers tend to rise as the test force is decreased. This rise in hardness number with lower test forces is often more significant when testing higher hardness materials, and is increasingly more significant when using test forces below 50 gf (see Test Method E384 ). 4.6 The elongated four-sided rhombohedral shape of the Knoop indenter, where the length of the long diagonal is 7.114 times greater than the short diagonal, produces narrower and shallower indentations than the square-based pyramid Vickers indenter under identical test conditions. Hence, the Knoop hardness test is very useful for evaluating hardness gradients since Knoop indentations can be made closer together than Vickers indentations by orienting the Knoop indentations with the short diagonals in the direction of the hardness gradient.