近年来，膜技术在饮用水处理中的应用急剧增加。膜分离工艺，如反渗透（RO）和纳滤（NF）在几个方面变得越来越流行，其中一些原因包括它们能够产生优质的水，减少处理设施的规模，并简化水处理过程。源水质量的下降和日益严格的饮用水标准进一步扩大了这些处理替代品在全面供水设施中的应用。然而，膜污染等操作问题阻碍了反渗透和NFR技术作为低质量水源水处理选择的接受。具有高污染潜势的水源水需要大量的给水预处理来维持膜的生产力。 此外，经常需要进行化学清洗，以清除吸附在膜表面的污染物。尽管需要进行大量的预处理和清洗，但膜的生产能力往往会受到不可逆转的损失。不可逆污染会导致膜性能逐渐恶化，并不可避免地导致系统中膜元件的更换。为了将污染控制和膜更换相关的成本降至最低，选择具有固有抗污染特性的RO和NF膜至关重要。无论污染类型如何，膜表面特性都是影响膜污染速率和程度的主要因素。这些因素包括RO和NF膜的表面粗糙度、电荷和疏水性。 目前，全尺寸膜水处理设施的新膜或替代膜的选择通常基于试验时对几种商用膜的实验室规模或中试规模评估。基于膜表面性质的更基本的方法尚未完全用于膜的选择。为了实现这一目标，必须建立膜特性和膜污染势之间的关系。在这项研究中，使用各种表面分析技术，从粗糙度、电荷和疏水性方面对各种RO/NF膜的表面进行了粗略表征。使用的技术包括表面粗糙度的原子力显微镜（AFM）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、表面电荷的流动电位分析（SPA）以及疏水性的接触角测量。 然后将这些特征与膜污染潜力相关联，通过使用佛罗里达州种植城的高有机表层地下水进行的小型过滤实验进行评估。根据这些研究结果，评估了表面特性对膜污染的影响，并描述了这些特性与污染行为之间的相关性。最后，从人工林中央水处理设施获得了总共九年的日常运行数据，并对其进行了系统分析，以记录膜更换对各个阶段以及整个系统性能的影响。包括6个参考文献、表格、图表。

The use of membrane technology in drinking water treatment has increaseddramatically in recent years. Membrane separation processes, such as reverseosmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF), are becoming more popular for severalreasons, some of which include their ability to produce a superior quality ofwater, to reduce the size of the treatment facilities, and to simplify watertreatment processes. The declining quality of source waters and increasinglystringent drinking water standards are further expanding the utilization of thesetreatment alternatives in full-scale water utilities. However, operationalproblems, such as membrane fouling have hampered the acceptance of RO and NFtechnologies as a treatment of choice for low quality source waters. Sourcewaters with high fouling potentials require extensive feed water pretreatment tomaintain membrane productivity. In addition, frequent chemical cleaning is oftenrequired to remove foulants adsorbed onto the surface of the membrane. Despiterigorous pretreatment and cleaning, membranes often suffer irreversible losses inproductivity. Irreversible fouling results in the gradual deterioration ofmembrane performance and will inevitably lead to the replacement of the membraneelements in the system. In order to minimize the costs associated with foulingcontrol and membrane replacement, it is of paramount importance to select RO andNF membranes that possess properties that inherently resist fouling. Membranesurface characteristics, regardless of fouling types, are major factors affectingthe rate and extent of membrane fouling. Among such factors are surfaceroughness, charge, and hydrophobicity for RO and NF membranes. Presently, theselection of new or replacement membranes for full-scale membrane water treatmentfacilities is typically based on either bench-scale or pilot scale evaluation ofseveral membranes commercially available at the time of testing. A morefundamental approach, based on membrane surface properties, has not been fullyexplored for the selection of membranes. In order to achieve this goal, acorrelation between membrane properties and membrane fouling potential must beestablished. In this study, the surfaces of various RO/NF membranes werethoroughly characterized in terms of roughness, charge, and hydrophobicity usingvarious surface analytical techniques. The techniques used included Atomic ForceMicroscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for surface roughness,Streaming Potential Analysis (SPA) for surface charge, and Contact Anglemeasurements for hydrophobicity. These characteristics were then correlated tomembrane fouling potential as evaluated by bench-scale filtration experimentsusing a high organic surficial groundwater from Plantation City, Florida. Basedon the results of these studies, the impact of surface properties on membranefouling was assessed and a correlation between these properties and foulingbehavior was delineated. Lastly, a total of nine years of daily operating datawere obtained from the Plantation Central Water Treatment Facility and weresystematically analyzed to document the effect of membrane replacement on theperformance of each individual stage, as well as the overall system. Includes 6 references, tables, figures.