1.1 本指南和指南 E1192 以及美国环境保护局的指导 ( 1. , 2. ) 2. 包括在毒性测试中使用常驻物种，特别是需要特定于现场的信息时。例如，在那些认为特定物种在经济上或美学上具有重要意义的系统中，利用常驻物种进行测试可能更合适 ( 3. ) . 因此，美国环保局允许使用常住物种制定现场特定的化学标准，以反映当地条件 ( 1. ) . 本指南旨在指导水生和沉积物毒性试验中用作试验生物体的常驻物种的选择。 前提是用户熟悉水生和底栖物种的分类，并具有一定的现场经验。 1.2 由于许多水生物种的毒理学信息通常有限，因此假设大多数测试应用将是急性测试。因此，当急性毒性试验是预期目标时，本指南中提出的许多与物种选择过程有关的指南都适用。然而，本指南中讨论的原则也适用于慢性毒性试验应用，尽管应清楚地了解，此类试验比急性试验需要更大的努力、时间和资源。 1.3 目前，毒性试验中选择常驻物种的程序必须是通用的，因为通常缺乏特定分类群或分类群的信息。本指南试图在适当时提供具体信息。 1.4 本指南不具有包容性。列出的参考文献提供了接触文献的起点。本指南仅涉及水生毒性试验情况。本指南不考虑陆生、树栖或大气物种。 1.5 本指南安排如下: 部分 范围 1. 参考文件 2. 术语 3. 指南摘要 4. 意义和用途 5. 物种选择过程 6. 情报搜集 6.1 获取常驻物种进行毒性测试 6.2 选择标准 6.3 测试性能表征 6.4 干扰 7. 安全注意事项 8. 文档 9 关键词 10 附录 潜在测试物种 附录X1 藻类 X1.1 水生漂浮水生植物 X1.2 原生动物 X1.3 轮虫 X1.4 附着和底栖动物群 X1.5 鱼 X1.6 两栖动物 X1.7 常驻物种示例 表X1.1 分类键部分列表 附录X2 选择一个项目需要考虑的因素流程图 常驻物种 附录X3 1.6 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 所有安全预防措施和健康相关实践均由用户负责。第节建议了具体的安全做法 8. . 1.7 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 5.1 美国环保局的整个废水监测政策强调了毒性测试的综合方法 ( 1. , 5. ) 应系统地采用毒性测试和其他措施，并应与某些水生系统因素有关，例如可用栖息地的类型（底栖和水柱）、流态以及现场水和沉积物的物理化学质量。毒性测定通常是通过几种替代物种完成的，主要原因有四个:监管机构可以比较不同地点和不同时间的测试结果，以帮助优先执行工作，使用这些物种的测试相对便宜，因为生物体可以每年培养一次- 在实验室条件下，使用替代物种的测试方法的可靠性比其他物种更好，并且替代物种比其他物种更好地整合到毒性鉴定评估中。出于监管目的，根据国家污染物排放消除系统（NPDES），美国环保局认为没有必要对居民或本地物种进行整体废水毒性测试 ( 6. ) . 美国环保局提供了一个替代测试程序协议，用于使用尚未批准的物种验证毒性方法 ( 6. , 7. ) . 在未发现替代物种的系统中，根据使用替代物种的毒性试验，可能会对环境影响或水和沉积物质量损害作出错误预测 ( 8. ) . 5.2 本指南旨在帮助研究人员和管理人员选择合适的常驻物种进行现场特定毒性评估。本指南可用于选择用于预测某种物质在某些类型水生环境中的潜在毒性影响的常驻物种。另一个用途可能是从水生群落中选择一些本地物种，当测试时，可能表明测试物质或材料对该群落的生态完整性有潜在毒性影响。选择合适的测试物种非常重要，因为物种对有毒化合物的反应可能非常不同 ( 9 ) . 监管机构建议作为试验生物的物种可能不会出现在感兴趣的接收水域中，它们对有毒物质的敏感性可能无法代表居住物种所表现出的敏感性。因为水生生态系统的结构和功能通常由几个关键物种决定 ( 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ) 因此，对这些常驻物种进行毒理学测试可能非常重要。 5.3 本指南可用于选择代表性试验物种进行某些特定地点的评估，例如常驻物种标准修改程序 ( 1. ) ，重新计算程序 ( 14 ) 和生态风险评估研究。 5.4 本指南可作为希望开发或修改先前未测试物种的现有毒性测试方法的研究人员的一般框架。 5.5 美国和加拿大以外国家的研究人员可能会从本指南中获得有关当地感兴趣地点的潜在测试物种或测试方法的有用信息。

1.1 This guide along with Guide E1192 and guidance from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( 1 , 2 ) 2 covers the use of resident species in toxicity testing, particularly if site-specific information is desired. For example, in those systems where particular species are considered to be economically or aesthetically important, it might be more appropriate to utilize resident species for testing ( 3 ) . For this reason, the USEPA allows development of site-specific chemical standards, using resident species, in order to reflect local conditions ( 1 ) . This guide is designed to guide the selection of resident species for use as test organisms in aquatic and sediment toxicity tests. It presupposes that the user is familiar with the taxonomy of aquatic and benthic species and has some field experience. 1.2 Because toxicological information is often limited for many aquatic species, it is assumed that the majority of testing applications will be acute tests. Therefore, much of the guidance presented in this guide pertaining to the species selection process is applicable when acute toxicity testing is the desired goal. However, the principles discussed in this guide pertain to chronic toxicity test applications as well, although it should be clearly understood that such testing requires substantially greater effort, time, and resources than acute testing. 1.3 The procedures for selecting resident species in toxicity testing are necessarily general at this time because information is often lacking for specific taxa or groups of taxa. This guide attempts to give specific information when appropriate. 1.4 This guide is not intended to be inclusive. References listed provide a starting point from which to approach the literature. This guide deals solely with aquatic toxicity test situations. Terrestrial, arboreal, or atmospheric species are not considered in this guide. 1.5 This guide is arranged as follows: Section Scope 1 Referenced Documents 2 Terminology 3 Summary of Guide 4 Significance and Use 5 Species Selection Process 6 Collection of Information 6.1 Obtaining Resident Species for Toxicity Testing 6.2 Criteria for Selection 6.3 Test Performance Characterization 6.4 Interferences 7 Safety Precautions 8 Documentation 9 Keywords 10 Appendixes Potential Test Species Appendix X1 Algae X1.1 Aquatic Floating Macrophytes X1.2 Protozoa X1.3 Rotifera X1.4 Attached and Benthic Fauna X1.5 Fish X1.6 Amphibia X1.7 Examples of Resident Species Table X1.1 Taxonomic Keys—Partial Listing Appendix X2 Flow Chart of Factors to Consider For Selecting A Resident Species Appendix X3 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. All safety precautions and health-related practices are the responsibility of the user. Specific safety practices are suggested in Section 8 . 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 The USEPA's policy for whole-effluent monitoring stresses, an integrated approach to toxicity testing ( 1 , 5 ) tests and other measures of toxicity, should be systematically employed and should be related to certain aquatic-system factors, such as the type of habitats available (benthic and water column), flow regime, and physicochemical quality of the site water and sediment. The determination of toxicity is generally accomplished with a few surrogate species for four major reasons: a regulatory agency can compare test results between sites and over time in order to help prioritize enforcement efforts, tests using these species are relatively inexpensive since the organisms can be cultured year-round under laboratory conditions, the reliability of test methods utilizing surrogate species is better established than for other species, and surrogate species are better integrated into toxicity identification evaluations than other species. For regulatory purposes, under the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), USEPA considers it unnecessary to conduct whole effluent toxicity tests with resident or indigenous species ( 6 ) . An alternate testing procedure protocol is provided by USEPA for validating toxicity methods using species not already approved ( 6 , 7 ) . In systems where surrogate species are not found, erroneous predictions might be obtained of environmental impact or water and sediment quality impairment based on toxicity tests using surrogate species ( 8 ) . 5.2 This guide is intended to assist researchers and managers in selecting appropriate resident species for site-specific toxicity assessments. This guide could be used to select a resident species for use in predicting the potential toxic effects of a substance in certain types of aquatic environments. Another use might be for selecting a number of indigenous species from the aquatic community, that when tested, might indicate potential toxic effects of the test substance or material on the ecological integrity of that community. Selection of a suitable test species is very important because species might respond quite differently to toxic compounds ( 9 ) . Species suggested as test organisms by regulatory agencies might not occur in the receiving waters of interest and their sensitivity to a toxic substance might not be representative of the sensitivity exhibited by resident species. Since aquatic ecosystem structure and function is often determined by a few key species ( 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ) , toxicological tests with these resident species might be very important. 5.3 This guide can be used in the selection of representative test species for certain site-specific assessments, such as the Resident-Species Criteria Modification Procedure ( 1 ) , the Recalculation Procedure ( 14 ) , and ecological risk assessment studies. 5.4 This guide can be used as a general framework for researchers who desire to develop or modify existing toxicity test methods for previously untested species. 5.5 Researchers in countries other than the United States and Canada might obtain useful information from this guide regarding potential test species or test methods for sites of local interest.