反渗透（RO）和纳滤（NF）膜技术正变得越来越重要 越来越有吸引力的饮用水传统处理工艺替代品 治疗是因为它们能够提供有效的排斥屏障，对抗广泛的排斥反应 水污染物，以及它们处理低质量水源水的适应性 其他水资源变得有限的地区。此外，膜处理 植物往往比传统植物更紧凑，因此在生产上更经济 人口稠密的区域，其中最小化工厂布局面积变得至关重要（Wiesner等人。， 1994). 然而，RO/NF工艺的更广泛实施受到以下因素的限制: 普遍存在的问题，如浓度极化和相关的污垢和结垢效应 这些都是影响RO/NF膜处理系统成本的重要因素（Braghetta等人 等人，1998年）。为了将这些有害影响发生的风险降至最低，RO/NF 系统目前在有限的压力下运行，因此渗透通量不超过 临界最大值。尽管有实验证据支持这种做法， 最近的研究结果表明，罗丹明的浓度极化层 （MW=521），用作有机水污染物的替代化合物，可能在 渗透通量水平明显高于目前认为的临界值。 需要进行全面调查来验证这一新观点，因为有几个因素 包括溶质扩散系数、渗透通量和截留效率的影响 浓度极化。这种破坏可能对污垢和排斥的影响 化学污染物的种类也有待阐明。基于这一背景，主要的 本项目的目的是系统地研究工作压力和压力的影响 剪切条件对浓差极化的影响及相关的选择性抑制 在没有或存在污染物替代物的情况下，RO/NF膜会产生污染物。它是 预计从这项研究中获得的信息将有助于更好地理解 浓差极化现象及其发展建议 用RO/NF膜优化处理天然水，特别强调 以最小的污染风险实现有机污染物的高去除率。包括5个参考文献，图。

Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membrane technologies are becoming increasingly attractive alternatives to conventional treatment processes for drinking water treatment because of their ability to provide effective rejection barriers against a broad range of water contaminants, and for their adaptability to treat water from sources of lower quality in areas in which other water resources are becoming limited. Furthermore, membrane treatment plants tend to be more compact than conventional plants, thus making them more economical in highly populated areas in which minimizing plant layout area becomes critical (Wiesner et al., 1994). However, a broader implementation of RO/NF processes is somewhat inhibited by prevailing problems such as concentration polarization and associated fouling and scaling effects that are important factors affecting the cost of RO/NF membrane treatment systems (Braghetta et al., 1998). In order to minimize the risk of these detrimental effects taking place, RO/NF systems are currently operated at limited pressures so that the permeate flux does not exceed a critical maximum value. Although experimental evidence is available to support this practice, recent results have shown that the concentration polarization layer of Rhodamine-WT (MW=521), used as a surrogate compound for organic water contaminants, could be disrupted at permeate flux levels significantly higher than that currently considered as critical. Comprehensive investigation is needed to validate this new idea because several factors including solute diffusivity coefficient, permeate flux, and rejection efficiency affect concentration polarization. The effect that this disruption could have on fouling and the rejection of chemical contaminants also remains to be elucidated. Based on this background, the primary objective of this project is to systematically investigate the influence of operating pressure and shear conditions on concentration polarization and the associated rejection of selected contaminants by RO/NF membranes in the absence and presence of foulant surrogates. It is anticipated that information gained from this research will contribute to a better understanding of the concentration polarization phenomena and the development of recommendations for optimum treatment of natural waters with RO/NF membranes with special emphasis in achieving high removal of organic contaminants with minimal risk of the occurrence of fouling. Includes 5 references, figure.