本powerpoint演示文稿首先简要概述了反渗透（RO）实验室规模装置和短期/长期水力性能。介绍了膜尸检、化学特性、细菌和浮游植物特性。演示的目的是开发和验证反渗透脱盐膜的方法。 通过16S rRNA基因测序确定优势群， 将设计出特定的DNA探针。 膜表面的多样性变化由 16srrna基因指纹图谱（SSCP分析）。将列举造成污垢的主要微生物 通过使用特定探针的荧光原位杂交技术 和共焦显微镜。 介绍的主题包括:细菌多样性和活性；膜尸检协议；前提取核酸的方法 进行PCR扩增；膜DNA/RNA的提取与纯化 16S PCR扩增；DNA提取方法对细菌生长的影响 SSCP分析监测的多样性；用荧光显微镜分析细菌多样性 原位杂交（CARD-FISH）。演示结论表明:RO液压性能没有显著下降， 但是反渗透膜上存在污染物，主要是细菌、铝硅酸盐 有机物（蛋白质和碳水化合物）； 与固有电阻相比，附加电阻可忽略不计 膜阻力； 对于长期运行而言，生物膜的生长提供了显著的额外影响 因滤饼孔隙率降低而产生的阻力； DNA/RNA提取方法令人满意； 首次在污染膜上使用通用探针进行原位杂交试验 显示出独特的细胞形态和许多菌群；和 由于细胞本身的不规则性，细胞计数可能很困难 膜表面。包括数字。

This powerpoint presentation begins by providing a brief overview of a reverse osmosis (RO) bench-scale unit and short/long term hydraulic performances. Membrane autopsy, chemical characterization, and bacteria and phytoplankton characterization are presented. Presentation objective is to develop and validate methods for a RO desalination membrane. Dominant groups were identified by sequencing of 16S rRNA genes, and specific DNA probes will be designed. Diversity changes over the membrane surface were monitored by fingerprinting of 16S rRNA genes (SSCP analysis). The dominant organisms responsible for fouling will be enumerated by fluorescent in situ hybridization techniques using specific probes and confocal microscopy. Topics presented include: bacterial diversity and activity; membrane autopsy protocol; methods used to extract nucleic acids prior to PCR amplification; membrane DNA/RNA Extraction and 16S PCR amplification; effect of DNA extraction method on bacterial diversity as monitored by SSCP analysis; and, analysis of bacterial diversity by fluorescent in situ hybridization (CARD-FISH). Presentation conclusions indicate: no significant decrease of RO hydraulic performances, but presence of foulants on RO membranes, mainly bacteria, aluminosilicates and organics (proteins and carbohydrates); additional resistance negligible in comparison with the intrinsic membrane resistance; for long term operation, the biofilm growth provide significant additional resistance due to the decrease in the cake porosity; DNA/RNA extraction methods were satisfactory; first in situ hybridization trial using a general probe on fouled membranes revealed distinct cell morphologies and many clusters of bacteria; and, the enumeration of cells might be difficult due to the intrinsic irregularity of membrane surface. Includes figures.