本幻灯片概述了影响/导致低氯残留的因素的信息，并介绍了两个案例研究，其中低氯残留是一个问题，延长期模拟（EPS）建模用于评估水龄，空间分析（GIS）用于评估相对于管道材料的低氯残留。方法包括评估水质的几个参数，如:水龄；示踪源；管道材料和条件；系统运行。林肯供水系统的案例研究涉及运行和储存对水龄的影响，布卢明顿市公用事业公司的案例研究涉及制定详细的监测计划，以评估硝化作用。

This slide presentation outlines information on factors affecting/resulting in low chlorine residuals and presents two case studies where low chlorine residuals were a problem, extended period simulation (EPS) modeling was used to evaluate water age, and spatial analysis (GIS) was used to evaluate low chlorine residual relative to pipe material. Methodology included several parameters to assess water quality such as: water age; source trace; pipe material and condition; and, system operation. The case study at the Lincoln Water System involved operational and storage impacts on water age, and the case study at the City of Bloomington Utilities involved the development of a detailed monitoring plan to evaluate nitrification.