在过去的十年中，微滤和超滤（MF/UF）膜已被广泛接受为常规饮用水处理技术的可行替代品，如混凝、沉淀和砂滤。在过去几年中，成本和可靠性的不断提高，加上对病原体（如隐孢子虫）的日益关注，使得MF/UF膜成为新工厂传统技术的替代品。1991年，奥克维尔的ZENON Environmental Inc.在回顾了许多方法后，确定浸入式膜最终将是最具成本效益和最可靠的饮用水处理技术。 浸入式膜与加压膜的不同之处在于不使用压力容器。取而代之的是，将无壳纤维浸入一个与大气相通的槽中，然后用温和的吸力将干净的水从纤维中吸出。ZENON的浸没式膜技术通过使用对大气开放的水箱，符合水厂的正常运行方式，同时节省了压力容器的成本。此外，通过使用低跨膜压力（抽吸），ZENON能够将污染降至最低。因此，到20世纪90年代末，ZENON的沸腾膜已成为北美领先的膜技术。自1991年以来，ZENON不断进化出新一代的落后者- 可改装浸入式膜。前四代被称为ZeeWeed（R）150和ZeeWeed（R）500 a、b和c。这些膜设计用于处理几乎任何浊度的水以及非常高的固体应用，如直接添加混凝剂或砂滤反冲洗处理。ZENON目前正在推出其第五代浸入式膜技术，即Zeeweed（R）1000，该技术已针对低固体分应用进行了优化。我们的经验使我们开发了一种膜，该膜适合升级现有工厂，以确保微生物安全，改善处理后的水质，并增加容量。本文将对驱动膜装置所有权成本的因素、ZeeWeed（R）1000膜系统的关键设计和运行特性以及其对现有滤床改造的特殊适用性进行总体评估。 包括表格、数字。

During the last decade,microfiltration and ultrafiltration (MF/UF) membranes have become widely acceptedas a viable alternative to conventional drinking water treatment technologiessuch as coagulation, settling, and sand filtration. Over the past few years,continuous advances in cost and reliability, coupled with an increasing concernabout pathogens (such as Cryptosporidium), have made MF/UF membranes thepreferred alternative to conventional technology for new plants. In 1991, afterreviewing a number of approaches, ZENON Environmental Inc. of Oakville, Ontariodetermined that immersed membranes will ultimately be the most cost effective andreliable technology for drinking water treatment. Immersed membranes differ frompressurized membranes in that pressure vessels are not used. Instead, shell-lesshollow fibers are immersed into a tank open to the atmosphere and a gentlesuction is applied to draw clean water through the fibers. Through the use oftanks open to the atmosphere, ZENON's immersed membrane technology conform to thenormal manner that water plants are operated while saving the cost of pressurevessels. Furthermore, through the use of low trans-membrane pressures (suction)ZENON was able to minimize fouling. As a result, by the late 1990s, ZENON'simmersed membranes had become the leading membrane technology in North America.Ever since 1991, ZENON has continually evolved new generations of backwards-retrofitable immersed membranes. The first four generations are referred to asZeeWeed(R) 150 and ZeeWeed(R) 500 a, b, and c. These membranes have been designedto handle water of almost any level of turbidity as well as very high solidsapplications such as direct coagulant addition or sand filter backwash treatment.ZENON is now introducing its fifth generation immersed membrane technology, theZeeWeed(R) 1000 that has been optimized for lower solids applications. Ourexperience led us to develop a membrane that is suited for upgrading existingplants for microbial safety, improved treated water quality, and increasedcapacity. This paper will present a general assessment of factors that drive thecost of ownership of a membrane plant, key design and operational characteristicsof ZeeWeed(R) 1000 membrane system, and its particular applicability to retrofitexisting filter beds. Includes tables, figures.