1.1 本规程描述了完全或部分由纤维增强聚合物基复合材料制成的聚合物基复合材料和夹层芯材料的剪切成像程序。考虑中的复合材料通常包含连续的高模量（大于20 GPa（3×106 psi）纤维，但也可能包含不连续的纤维、织物或颗粒增强。 1.2 本规程描述了行业和联邦机构目前使用的既定剪切成像程序，这些程序已证明在产品工艺设计和优化、制造过程控制、制造后检查和在役检查期间在聚合物基复合材料和夹层芯材料的质量保证中具有实用性。 1.3 本规程适用于测试聚合物基复合材料和夹芯材料，包括但不限于双马来酰亚胺、环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、聚（酰胺亚胺）、聚苯并咪唑、聚酯（热固性和热塑性）、聚醚醚酮、聚（醚酰亚胺）、聚酰亚胺（热固性和热塑性）、聚苯硫醚或聚砜基体； 和氧化铝、芳纶、硼、碳、玻璃、石英或碳化硅纤维。典型的预制几何结构包括单轴、交叉铺层和角铺层压板；以及蜂窝和泡沫夹层材料和结构。 1.4 本规程未规定验收和拒收标准，也不用于批准聚合物基复合材料或夹层芯材料的使用。 1.5 为了确保参考标准的正确使用，有公认的无损检测（NDT）专家根据行业和公司NDT规范进行认证。建议无损检测专家参与任何复合材料部件设计、质量保证、在役维护或损坏检查活动。 1.6 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。 本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.7 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 5.1 剪切成像通常用于产品工艺设计和优化、工艺控制、制造后检查和在役检查，并可用于测量静态和动态轴向（拉伸和压缩）应变，以及剪切、泊松、弯曲和扭转应变。 剪切成像检测到的一般缺陷类型包括分层、负载下的变形、脱粘/未粘结、微裂纹和厚度变化。 5.2 指南中提供了其他信息 E2533 关于剪切成像技术的优势和局限性、相关ASTM文件的使用、试样几何形状和尺寸考虑、校准和标准化以及物理参考标准。 5.3 有关纤维缠绕压力容器（也称为复合外缠绕压力容器）的剪切成像程序，请参阅指南 E2982年 . 5.4 应报告影响剪切成像的因素，包括但不限于以下因素:层压板（基质和纤维）材料、铺层几何形状、纤维体积分数（平板）；面层材料、芯层材料、面层堆叠顺序、芯层几何形状（单元尺寸）； 芯密度、表面孔隙含量和表面体积百分比钢筋（夹层芯材料）；加工和制造方法、总厚度、样本对齐、样本调节、样本几何形状和测试环境（平板和三明治芯材料）。剪切成像已用于蜂窝和泡沫芯的复合材料和金属面板夹芯板、固体单片复合层板、泡沫低温燃料箱绝缘、粘结软木绝缘、飞机轮胎、弹性体和塑料涂层，并取得了良好的效果。通常，可以检测到多条和远侧键合线处的缺陷。

1.1 This practice describes procedures for shearography of polymer matrix composites and sandwich core materials made entirely or in part from fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites. The composite materials under consideration typically contain continuous high modulus (greater than 20 GPa (3×106 psi)) fibers, but may also contain discontinuous fiber, fabric, or particulate reinforcement. 1.2 This practice describes established shearography procedures that are currently used by industry and federal agencies that have demonstrated utility in quality assurance of polymer matrix composites and sandwich core materials during product process design and optimization, manufacturing process control, after manufacture inspection, and in service inspection. 1.3 This practice has utility for testing of polymer matrix composites and sandwich core materials containing but not limited to bismaleimide, epoxy, phenolic, poly(amideimide), polybenzimidazole, polyester (thermosetting and thermoplastic), poly(ether ether ketone), poly(ether imide), polyimide (thermosetting and thermoplastic), poly(phenylene sulfide), or polysulfone matrices; and alumina, aramid, boron, carbon, glass, quartz, or silicon carbide fibers. Typical as-fabricated geometries include uniaxial, cross-ply and angle-ply laminates; as well as honeycomb and foam core sandwich materials and structures. 1.4 This practice does not specify accept-reject criteria and is not intended to be used as a means for approving polymer matrix composites or sandwich core materials for service. 1.5 To ensure proper use of the referenced standards, there are recognized nondestructive testing (NDT) specialists that are certified according to industry and company NDT specifications. It is recommended that an NDT specialist be a part of any composite component design, quality assurance, in-service maintenance, or damage examination activity. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 Shearography is commonly used during product process design and optimization, process control, after manufacture inspection, and in service inspection, and can be used to measure static and dynamic axial (tensile and compressive) strain, as well as shearing, Poisson, bending, and torsional strains. The general types of defects detected by shearography include delamination, deformation under load, disbond/unbond, microcracks, and thickness variation. 5.2 Additional information is given in Guide E2533 about the advantages and limitations of the shearography technique, use of related ASTM documents, specimen geometry and size considerations, calibration and standardization, and physical reference standards. 5.3 For procedures for shearography of filament-wound pressure vessels, otherwise known as composite overwrapped pressure vessels, consult Guide E2982 . 5.4 Factors that influence shearography and therefore shall be reported include but are not limited to the following: laminate (matrix and fiber) material, lay-up geometry, fiber volume fraction (flat panels); facing material, core material, facing stack sequence, core geometry (cell size); core density, facing void content, and facing volume percent reinforcement (sandwich core materials); processing and fabrication methods, overall thickness, specimen alignment, specimen conditioning, specimen geometry, and test environment (flat panels and sandwich core materials). Shearography has been used with excellent results for composite and metal face sheet sandwich panels with both honeycomb and foam cores, solid monolithic composite laminates, foam cryogenic fuel tank insulation, bonded cork insulation, aircraft tires, elastomeric and plastic coatings. Frequently, defects at multiple and far side bond lines can be detected.