1.1 概述- 北美和其他地区的水资源受到慢性天气模式以及更频繁的极端天气事件的各种影响。其中包括干旱、洪水、河流模式的变化、径流的增加或减少以及水质的变化。水资源包括人工水库和天然水库、河流、溪流、地下水和蓄水池。供水、废水处理、消防和农业用基础设施也受到慢性天气模式和更频繁的极端天气相关事件的影响。本指南将解释用户可用于建立弹性的技术，并为市政、州和私营行业提供规划纲要，以确保水资源的安全、未来和有效可用性。 1.2 目的- 本指南的目的是提供一系列选项，供组织实施，以应对不断变化的环境条件、慢性天气模式、自然或人为灾害以及极端天气事件的环境影响和风险。本指南还鼓励对自然灾害对水资源的风险进行一致管理。该指南介绍了基于区域和规划视野的实践和建议，提供了机构和工程行动，以减少因环境条件变化而造成的物理和财务脆弱性。它介绍了可由个人和组织实施的可用技术、机构控制和工程控制，以提高其适应能力和弹性能力。 1.2.1 该指南还为战略的规划、选择、实施和审查提供了一些高级选项，以确保该方法继续对环境负责，符合公众的最佳利益，合理且具有成本效益。本指南可用于分析社区战略的有效性。 1.2.2 本指南与环境风险评估和管理相关的ASTM E50标准系列相关联。 1.2.3 该指南本身并不提供风险评估，但可能有助于确定气候恢复计划的优先事项。 1.3 安全- 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。用户有责任在使用前建立适当的安全和健康实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 然而，适应和恢复措施可能与安全措施一致，并对其进行补充。 1.4 目标- 本指南的目的是确定社区、设施和财产在自然灾害事件对水资源的风险方面的状况，以及可以采取的管理这些风险的行动。 1.4.1 该指南介绍了应对极端自然事件的规划和战略信息，如干旱、洪水、风暴和海平面上升对水资源的影响。 1.4.2 该指南鼓励用户根据美国的相关地区确定优先事项。对于每个区域，该指南确定了需要根据特定场景进行规划和准备的关键气候脆弱性。 如果有类似的条件，可以将其外推到其他地区。 1.4.3 本指南鼓励用户针对未来风险制定长期解决方案。 1.5 本指南的局限性- 鉴于希望使用本指南的组织类型不同，以及州和地方法规的不同，不可能解决可能适用于特定设施的所有相关情况。本指南为用户使用通用语言和示例。如果用户不清楚如何将标准应用于其特定情况，则用户应寻求合格专业人员的帮助。风险可能因评估风险的实体而异。本指南不涉及极端天气、自然灾害或不断变化的环境条件的原因或科学。 1.6 本指南使用了许多引用来源的关于控制、管理和减少影响的参考文献和信息。 1.7 几个国家和国际机构是关于现有和预期气候风险水平和管理的信息来源，包括:澳大利亚环境部；联邦应急管理局；国家海洋和大气管理局；证券交易委员会；美国陆军工程兵团；美国农业部；美国能源部；美国环境保护署；以及美国国防部。 1.8 本指南建议参考从各个国家机构（如环境保护部门和水资源委员会）筛选出的有关风险的最新监管信息。 1.9 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.10 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 4.1 本指南仅解决与恢复策略和制定计划有关的问题，以应对极端天气和水资源的相关物理和化学变化。 本指南不包括关于风险评估的具体建议，但是，中提供了参考 附录X1 . 适应和弹性设计策略和规划可能包括个人、社区或组织为准备或应对慢性和极端自然和人为事件的影响而采取的各种行动。 4.2 示例用户: 4.2.1 小企业或企业主； 4.2.2 服务业员工； 4.2.3 联邦、部落、州或市政设施工作人员和监管机构，包括卫生部门；供水、下水道和消防部门； 4.2.4 金融和保险机构； 4.2.5 公共工程人员，包括水系统、地下水供应、地表水供应、雨水系统、废水系统、公有处理厂和农业用水管理机构； 4.2.6 顾问、审计师、州、市和私人检查员以及合规援助人员； 4.2.7 教育设施； 4.2.8 财产、建筑物和场地管理，包括景观美化人员； 4.2.9 非监管政府机构，如军队； 4.2.10 野生动物管理实体，包括政府、部落和非政府组织； 4.2.11 城市、乡镇和县，特别是在制定气候脆弱性战略和计划方面； 4.2.12 商业和住宅房地产开发商，包括再开发商； 4.2.13 非营利组织、社区团体和业主。 4.3 本指南是制定管理和沟通风险的简化框架的第一步。该框架描述了用户对当前气候风险进行分类的过程以及管理这些风险的优先方法。 该技术对缓解和恢复的常见反应进行分类。 4.3.1 恢复力战略和规划可能包括个人和社区的行动，例如，减少单个地块的树木清理，农民种植更多抗旱作物，或保护河岸和漫滩标准和缓冲区的市政当局，或确保新的沿海基础设施能够适应未来海平面上升。然而，跨社区建立弹性将需要各级行动；个人、企业、城镇、县、州和联邦。 4.3.2 一些市政当局、州、部落和公司组织已经开始采取行动，确定恢复策略，并规划极端天气恢复能力。 例如波士顿、迈阿密海滩和巴尔的摩。附录中包含了更多示例。 4.3.3 房地产开发团队可以使用这些技术来确定未来的机会和责任。 4.3.4 用户应考虑弹性的最有效规模，例如，场地、城镇、集水区、流域、城市、州、部落地区或区域级别。规模将影响解决方案的相对直接和间接成本和效益。本指南通过提供设定时间和预算优先级的方法，可以帮助用户了解最有效的弹性规模和适当的行动水平。 4.4 本指南不涉及:不可预测和恶劣天气事件的不确定性；温度升高的影响与极端事件之间的联系，或这些事件增加的概率。 然而，本指南确实讨论了解决环境条件变化、极端天气事件和自然灾害影响下的脆弱性的选项。

1.1 Overview— Water resources in North America and other areas are subject to various impacts from chronic weather patterns, as well as more frequent extreme weather events. These include drought, flooding, changes in stream patterns, increased or decreased run-off, and changes in water quality. Water resources include both man-made and natural reservoirs, rivers, streams, groundwater, and storage ponds. The infrastructure for water supply, wastewater treatment, fire-fighting and agricultural uses are also subject to chronic weather patterns and more frequent extreme weather related events. This guide will provide an explanation of techniques users may employ to build resiliency and a planning outline for municipalities, states and private industry in order to ensure safe, future, effective availability of water resources. 1.2 Purpose— The purpose of this guide is to provide a series of options that organizations may implement to prepare for the environmental impacts and risks from changing environmental conditions, chronic weather patterns, natural or man-made disasters, and extreme weather events. This guide also encourages consistent management of risks from natural disasters to water resources. The guide presents practices and recommendations based on regions and planning horizons that provide institutional and engineering actions to reduce the physical and financial vulnerabilities attributable to changing environmental conditions. It presents available technologies, institutional controls, and engineering controls that can be implemented by individuals and organizations seeking to increase their adaptive and resiliency capacity. 1.2.1 The guide also provides some high-level options for the planning, selection, implementation, and review of strategies in order to ensure that the approach continues to be environmentally responsible, in the best interest of the public, reasonable, and cost effective. This guide can be used to analyze the effectiveness of a community’s strategy. 1.2.2 This guide ties into the ASTM E50 standards series related to environmental risk assessment and management. 1.2.3 The guide does not provide risk assessment, per se, but may help set priorities for a climate resiliency program. 1.3 Safety— This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Adaptation and resiliency measures, however, may be consistent with, and complementary to, safety measures. 1.4 Objectives— The objectives of this guide are to determine the conditions of the community, facility, and property with regard to risks of natural disaster events to water resources and actions that can be taken to manage those risks. 1.4.1 The guide presents information on planning and strategies to respond to extreme natural events such as drought, flood, storms and sea level rise upon water resources. 1.4.2 The guide encourages users to set priorities based upon the relevant region in the United States. For each region, the guide identifies key climate vulnerabilities that would require planning and preparation based on that particular scenario. These could be extrapolated to other regions if there are similar conditions. 1.4.3 The guide encourages the user to develop long term solutions for future risks. 1.5 Limitations of this Guide— Given the different types of organizations that may wish to use this Guide, as well as variations in state and local regulations, it is not possible to address all the relevant circumstances that might apply to a particular facility. This guide uses generalized language and examples for the user. If it is not clear to the user how to apply standards to their specific circumstances, users should seek assistance from qualified professionals. Risks may vary depending on the entity evaluating the risk. This guide does not take a position on the causes or science of extreme weather, natural disasters, or changing environmental conditions. 1.6 The guide uses references and information on the control, management and reduction of impacts from many cited sources. 1.7 Several national and international agencies served as sources of information on existing and anticipated levels and management of climate risks including: the Australian Ministry of Environment; the Federal Emergency Management Agency; the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration; the Securities and Exchange Commission; the US Army Corps of Engineers; the US Department of Agriculture; the US Department of Energy; the US Environmental Protection Agency; and the US Department of Defense. 1.8 This guide recommends reference to current regulatory information about risks culled from various state agencies, such as departments of environmental protection and water resources boards. 1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 This Guide addresses issues related solely to resiliency strategies and the development of a plan to address extreme weather and related physical and chemical changes to water resources. This guide does not include specific advice on risk assessment, however, references are provided in Appendix X1 . Adaptation and resiliency design strategies and planning may consist of a wide variety of actions by individuals, communities, or organizations to prepare for, or respond to, the impacts of chronic and extreme natural and manmade events. 4.2 Example Users: 4.2.1 Small business or enterprise owners; 4.2.2 Service industry employees; 4.2.3 Federal, tribal, state or municipal facility staff and regulators, including departments of health; water, sewer and fire departments; 4.2.4 Financial and insurance institutions; 4.2.5 Public works staff, including water systems, groundwater supplies, surface water supplies, stormwater systems, wastewater systems, publically owned treatment works, and agriculture water management agencies; 4.2.6 Consultants, auditors, state, municipal and private inspectors and compliance assistance personnel; 4.2.7 Educational facilities; 4.2.8 Property, buildings and grounds management, including landscaping staff; 4.2.9 Non-regulatory government agencies, such as the military; 4.2.10 Wildlife management entities including government, tribal, and NGOs; 4.2.11 Cities, towns and counties, especially in developing climate vulnerability strategies and plans; 4.2.12 Commercial and residential real estate property developers, including redevelopers; 4.2.13 Non-profits, community groups, and property owners. 4.3 This Guide is a first step in crafting a simplified framework for managing and communicating risks. The framework describes a process by which the user may categorize current climate risks and a priority approach to manage those risks. The technique classifies common responses for both mitigation and resiliency. 4.3.1 Resiliency strategies and planning may include actions by individuals and communities, for example, from reduced tree clearing for an individual lot, to a farmer planting more drought-resistant crops, or to a municipality protecting riparian and floodplain standards and buffers or ensuring that new coastal infrastructure can accommodate future sea level rise. However, building resiliency across communities will require action at all levels; individual, business, town, county, state, and federal. 4.3.2 Some municipalities, states, tribes and corporate organizations have already begun taking action toward defining resiliency strategies and planning for extreme weather resiliency. Examples are located in Boston, Miami Beach, and Baltimore. More examples are included in the Appendices. 4.3.3 Real estate development teams may use these techniques to identify future opportunities and liabilities. 4.3.4 The user should consider the most effective scale of resiliency, for example, site, town, catchment, watershed, city, state, tribal area, or regional level. The scale will impact the relative direct and indirect costs and benefits of a solution. This guide may help users understand the most effective scale of resiliency and the appropriate level of action by providing ways to set time and budget priorities. 4.4 This Guide does not address: the uncertainty of unpredictable and severe weather events; the connections between impacts of rising temperatures and extreme events or the probability of the rate of increase of these events. This guide, however, does discuss options to address vulnerabilities from the impacts of changing environmental conditions, extreme weather events, and natural catastrophes.