1.1 概述- 在本指南中，“弹性”是指实体、组织或个人为准备或适应未来极端天气和相关物理条件所做的努力。主要目的是减少与极端天气相关的负面经济影响。 1.1.1 本指南为极端气候相关事件和条件的自愿评估和风险管理提供了一种普遍、系统的方法。它有助于用户构建他们对与气候相关的脆弱性和他们试图管理的后果的理解。 它帮助用户识别机构（法律）和工程（物理）性质的适应性行动。分析选项提供了一个优先级排序系统，以解决市政、地方或设施的“最坏优先”风险，解决实用性和成本效益问题。用户可在最初进行风险评估以确定其寻求管理的内容后进行此分析，或使用指南帮助确定最需要的可能领域。 1.1.2 这些气候适应或调整可能是保护性的（即防止极端天气的负面影响），也可能是机会主义的（即利用极端天气的任何有利影响）。 1.1.3 本指南涉及适应战略和规划，以应对可能以各种方式对个人、组织、人类住区或生态系统产生的各种影响。例如，极端天气可能会增加或减少降雨量，影响农作物产量，影响人类健康，导致森林和其他生态系统发生变化，或影响能源供应或基础设施。 1.1.4 与气候相关的影响可能发生在一个区域或一个国家的局部地区，并可能影响经济的许多部门。为了应对这些挑战，本指南提供了一种有组织、统一的方法，通过计划的“恢复力”战略来应对极端天气的影响。 1.1.5 本指南阐述了处理可能是经济、人类健康、环境或生态系统关键驱动因素的风险因素的选择。该指南旨在帮助用户了解风险和潜在损失，并提供了增强人类和生态系统适应气候变化的能力的选项和通用方法。这包括支持经济稳定和良好生活质量等可持续性概念。 1.1.6 适应可以包括对极端天气的反应和对未来事件的长期准备。当地条件要求对可能的天气事件和/或极端天气趋势进行风险评估和分析。 1.1.7 本指南不涉及极端天气的原因。 1.2 目的- 本指南旨在提供一系列与极端天气事件准备一致的选项。本指南鼓励对气候暴露和风险进行一致管理。该指南介绍了区域、分区和规划视野的实践和建议，以解决减少极端天气造成的物理和金融脆弱性的机构和工程行动。它审查了可由个人和组织实施的现有技术、机构实践和工程行动，以提高其适应能力。 1.2.1 该指南还提供了一些高级选项，用于监测和跟踪个人或组织所选战略的绩效，以评估其有效性并确保该方法继续合理。 1.2.2 本指南与环境风险评估和管理相关的ASTM E50标准系列相关联。 1.3 目标- 本指南的目的是确定社区、设施和/或财产在极端天气事件风险方面的状况，以及为管理这些风险而采取的行动。 1.3.1 该指南提供了有关应对极端天气事件的规划和战略的信息，例如:干旱、洪水、火灾、风暴、滑坡、潮涌和极端温度。 1.3.2 该指南鼓励用户使用基于美国各地区的矩阵来设定优先级。对于每个地区，该指南确定了关键的气候脆弱性，需要为未来事件做好准备。如果存在类似条件，可以将这些数据外推到其他区域。 1.4 本指南的局限性- 鉴于可能希望使用本指南的不同类型的组织，以及州和地方法规的变化，不可能解决可能适用于特定设施的所有相关情况。 本指南使用通用语言和示例来指导用户。如果用户不清楚如何将标准应用于其具体情况，建议用户寻求合格专业人员的帮助。 1.4.1 本指南假设风险已被识别，并不旨在为识别或评估风险提供帮助。 1.4.2 保险业- 极端气候对保险公司的影响尚不清楚。保险事故的定义和提出保险索赔的起点，以及发现条件和导致保险损失的可诉信息的时间并不明确。 出于与特定事件相关的保险目的，推测高度不确定的气候影响可能是不合适的。例如，虽然存在“天灾”的例外情况，但与越来越多的极端天气事件相关的索赔可能仍会对保险业产生严重影响。 1.4.3 本指南对极端天气的原因或科学不持任何立场。 1.5 本指南使用了关于控制、管理和减少许多引用来源的影响的参考资料和信息。 1.6 一些国家和国际机构充当了关于现有和预期气候风险水平和管理的信息来源，包括: 澳大利亚环境部；联邦应急管理局；国家海洋和大气管理局；证券交易委员会；美国陆军工程兵团；美国农业部；美国能源部；美国环境保护局；还有，美国国防部。 1.7 本指南依赖于各州机构关于风险的最新监管信息，包括加州空气资源委员会、马萨诸塞州和康涅狄格州环境保护部、西部气候倡议和其他公布的高- 级别策略和指导。例如，国家科学院指南和可持续基础设施研究所发布的远景评级系统的气候和风险部分。 1.8 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前建立适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.9 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ===意义和用途====== 4.1 本标准指南的使用- 本指南仅涉及适应战略和制定计划以应对极端天气和相关物理变化的相关问题。本指南不包括关于风险评估的具体指南，但在 附录X3 根据极端天气和/或条件（如火灾、洪水、风暴、干旱和极端温度）的频率，矩阵方法确实反映了该国某些地区的一般风险。适应战略和规划可能包括个人、社区或组织为准备或应对极端天气影响而采取的各种行动。 4.1.1 本指南不涉及极端天气的原因。 4.1.2 本指南介绍了一群人或生态系统为限制极端天气的负面影响而制定的调整策略和规划。它还涉及利用长期极端天气模式可能带来的机会。 4.2 示例用户: 4.2.1 小企业或企业； 4.2.2 服务业； 4.2.3 联邦、州或市政设施和监管机构，包括卫生部门和消防部门； 4.2.4 金融和保险机构； 4.2.5 公共工程人员，包括水系统、雨水系统、废水系统、固体废物和其他公用设施（电气、电话、燃气等）以及其他废物管理人员，包括液体和固体废物运输、处理、回收、处置和转移； 4.2.6 顾问、审计员、州、市和私人检查员以及合规协助人员； 4.2.7 教育设施； 4.2.8 财产、建筑物和场地管理，包括景观美化； 4.2.9 非监管政府机构，如军队； 4.2.10 野生动物管理实体，包括政府、部落和非政府组织。 4.3 本指南是制定管理和沟通风险的简化目标的第一步。该框架描述了用户可以对当前气候风险进行分类的过程，以及管理这些风险的优先方法。该技术对缓解和适应的常见反应进行分类。《指南》根据应对风险的经验，将应对措施和实例分为多个区域。本指南中的区域分类反映了州、联邦和地方应对计划的一般结构。 这些机构通常根据响应的及时可用性和成本效益将类似响应分组（见ISO 14063:2020）。 4.3.1 适应战略和规划可能包括个人和社区的行动，例如，从减少单个地块的树木砍伐，到农民种植更多抗旱作物，或到市政当局保护河岸和漫滩标准和缓冲区，或确保新的沿海基础设施能够适应未来海平面上升。然而，建立跨社区的复原力需要在各级采取行动； 个人、企业、城镇、县、州和联邦。 4.3.2 一些城市，如波士顿、迈阿密海滩和巴尔的摩，企业实体和组织已经开始采取行动，制定适应战略和极端天气规划。 4.3.3 在一个日益相互依存的世界中，极端天气对一个人口或经济部门的负面影响可能在世界各地产生影响。这些影响对邻近地区、国家内部或全球的人口和定居点产生了影响。 它们包括对生产力和供应链的经济破坏、对能源生产的影响以及对用户的连锁影响。 4.3.4 许多生态系统也将受到极端气候挑战和机遇的影响。一些物种可能会迁徙或改变其行为以适应气候变化。其他物种可能会减少或灭绝。一些物种的数量可能会增加。自然资源管理者可以预测极端天气对生态系统的一些影响。这提供了一条途径，可以开始开发有助于生态系统适应的管理方案。 4.3.5 人类系统的适应能力是有限的。例如，城市和各种社区或基础设施的搬迁在许多地方可能不可行，特别是在短期内。实施时间表可能需要20年、50年和100年或更长时间。 4.3.6 最易受伤害的社区或社区部分，如穷人、脱离接触的人、老年人或健康状况不佳的人居住的地方，风险最大。极端天气可能加剧现有问题。解决使社区或系统脆弱的根本问题将提高其复原力并支持适应努力。 4.3.7 用户应考虑最有效的适应规模，例如，场地、城镇、集水区、流域、城市、州或区域层面。规模将影响解决方案的相对直接和间接成本和效益。该指南可帮助用户了解最有效的适应规模和适当的行动水平。 4.4 本指南定义了美国在自愿基础上进行基线评估和合理缓解/适应战略选择的良好商业和惯例。以下原则适用于该优先权制度: 4.4.1 为活动设定具体目标的能力。这包括采用应急计划，在保持当前运行的同时，利用工程变更防止与天气相关的事件。这包括“防洪”、“防火”、备用能源发电、输电线路周围的植被管理以及应对极端天气的其他措施。 4.4.2 营销环境意识和敏感性； 4.4.3 评估未来天气相关事件和极端条件的风险。用户可能会发现有用的适用风险评估工具简编如下: 附录X1 . 4.4.4 风险管理、承销；损失控制和历史；保费和索赔； 4.4.5 债务评估和贷款资格； 4.4.6 设施特定评估的标准化、一致性和认证； 4.4.7 教育员工、客户和客户； 4.4.8 生成多媒体和跨媒体信息； 4.4.9 评估供应商； 4.4.10 降低成本和防止污染。 4.5 用户可以考虑评估和响应的各种好处。 4.5.1 本指南是关于气候影响的基本入门，可用于为不熟悉《原则》的组织介绍该主题。 4.5.2 一些政府机构、受托人和商业组织发布了气候弹性战略。公众有系统地获取或估计个体企业信息的能力。因此，企业需要关于如何评估气候风险的性质和潜在风险的指导，以及通过保护、住宿、撤退和其他主动管理系统减少或消除这些风险的方案方法。 4.5.3 通过对天气相关响应机会的分层评估，可以降低运营、保险和维护成本。 4.5.4 响应可以被简化和简化，以便组织中的所有级别都可以参与。 4.5.5 一些企业通过改进与气候相关的应对方案，可能在市场上更具竞争力。 4.5.6 确定优先事项可以规划和评估新的适应和应对要求。 4.5.7 不同的利益相关者，如行业或政府，在采取行动时有不同的利益和责任。例如，人口的撤退和迁移将属于政府范围，而不是行业范围。 4.6 制度风险- 与天气有关的事件造成的一些风险包括火灾、洪水、干旱、极端温度、风暴、冰雹、风、潮水和海平面上升对住宅、商业、基础设施和农业的破坏。早期的自愿行动，包括使用本指南，也可能有助于组织准备并减少未来政府法规的影响。下文描述了一些可能用于应对气候变化的政府计划。 4.6.1 洪水保险地图； 4.6.2 节水要求； 4.6.3 消防规范； 4.6.4 应急响应； 4.6.5 分区条例； 4.6.6 建筑规范； 4.6.7 湿地和河流缓冲区条例； 4.6.8 洪泛区和泄洪道的雨水标准和法规、规划、开发要求和基础设施设计（MS4、防洪系统、洪泛区及泄洪道）； 4.6.9 公共工程项目； 4.6.10 减灾规划。 4.7 管理风险和不确定性: 4.7.1 看来极端天气将继续对不同地区的影响带来风险和不确定性。 预测未来天气相关风险的能力有所提高，但了解这些风险对社会的全面影响以及分析缓解和适应战略的努力仍相对不成熟。 4.7.2 本指南中的分层分析将有助于支持决策，研究区域影响，并在面临不确定性时与更广泛的利益相关者进行沟通。 4.7.3 保险业一直在风险管理中发挥作用，为与天气有关的风险提供保险，促进更严格的建筑规范和更好的土地- 用于决策。

1.1 Overview— For the purposes of this guide, ‘resiliency’ refers to efforts by entities, organizations, or individuals to prepare for or adjust to future extreme weather and related physical conditions. The primary purpose is to reduce negative economic impacts associated with extreme weather. 1.1.1 This guide presents a generalized, systematic approach to voluntary assessment and risk management of extreme climate related events and conditions. It helps the user structure their understanding of the climate related vulnerabilities and consequences they seek to manage. It helps the user identify adaptive actions of both an institutional (legal), as well as engineering (physical) nature. Options for analysis provide a priority ranking system to address the “worst first” risks of a municipality, local area or facility, addressing practicality and cost-benefit. Users may approach this analysis having initially undertaken a risk assessment to determine what they are seeking to manage, or use the guide to help determine the likely areas of greatest need. 1.1.2 These climate adaptations or adjustments may be either protective (that is, guarding against negative impacts of extreme weather), or opportunistic (that is, taking advantage of any beneficial effects of extreme weather). 1.1.3 This guide addresses adaptation strategies and planning in response to various impacts that may occur to individuals, organizations, human settlements or ecosystems in a broad variety of ways. For example, extreme weather might increase or decrease rainfall, influence agricultural crop yields, affect human health, cause changes to forests and other ecosystems, or impact energy supply or infrastructure. 1.1.4 Climate-related impacts may occur locally within a region or across a country and may affect many sectors of the economy. In order to meet these challenges, this guide provides an organized, uniform approach to prepare for the impacts of extreme weather through planned “resiliency” strategies. 1.1.5 This guide addresses options to deal with risk factors that may be key drivers for the economy, human health, the environment, or ecosystems. The guide is aimed at helping users understand risks and potential losses, and offers options and a generalized approach to bolster human and ecosystem resiliency to a changing climate. This includes sustainability concepts such as support of economic stability and a good quality of life. 1.1.6 Adaptation can involve responses to extreme weather and long-term preparation for future events. Local conditions will require risk evaluation and analysis of both likely weather events and/or extreme weather trends. 1.1.7 This guide does not address the causes of extreme weather. 1.2 Purpose— The purpose of this guide is to provide a series of options consistent with preparing for extreme weather events. This guide encourages consistent management of climate exposures and risks. The guide presents practices and recommendations for regions, zones, and planning horizons to address institutional and engineering actions for reduction of physical and financial vulnerability attributable to extreme weather. It reviews available technologies, institutional practices, and engineering actions that can be implemented by individuals and organizations seeking to increase their adaptive capacity. 1.2.1 The guide also provides some high-level options for the monitoring and tracking of performance of an individual or organization’s chosen strategy in order to evaluate its effectiveness and ensure that the approach continues to be reasonable. 1.2.2 This guide ties into the ASTM E50 standards series related to environmental risk assessment and management. 1.3 Objectives— The objectives of this guide are to determine the conditions of the community, facility and or/property with regard to risks of extreme weather events and actions to be taken to manage those risks. 1.3.1 The guide presents information on planning and strategies for response to extreme weather events such as: drought, flood, fire, storms, landslides, tidal surge, and extreme temperatures. 1.3.2 The guide encourages users to set priorities, using a matrix based upon regions in the United States. For each region the guide identifies key climate vulnerabilities, requiring preparation for future events. These could be extrapolated to other regions if there are similar conditions. 1.4 Limitations of this Guide— Given the different types of organizations that may wish to use this guide, as well as variations in State and Local regulations, it is not possible to address all the relevant circumstances that might apply to a particular facility. This guide uses generalized language and examples to guide the user. If it is not clear to the user how to apply standards to their specific circumstances, it is recommended that users seek assistance from qualified professionals. 1.4.1 The guide assumes risks are already identified and is not intended to provide assistance with identifying or evaluating risks. 1.4.2 Insurance Industry— The effects of climate extremes on insurers are not clear. The definition of an insurable occurrence and a commencement point for when insurable claims are made, along with when conditions were discovered and the actionable information leading to an insurable loss is not clear. It may be inappropriate to speculate on climate effects that are highly uncertain for purposes of insurance related to specific events. While there are exclusions for “acts of God,” for example, claims associated with increasing extreme weather events may still have serious impacts on the insurance industry. 1.4.3 This guide does not take a position on the causes or science of extreme weather. 1.5 The guide uses references and information on the control, management and reduction of impacts from many cited sources. 1.6 Several national and international agencies served as sources of information on existing and anticipated levels and management of climate risks including: the Australian Ministry of Environment; the Federal Emergency Management Agency; the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration; the Securities and Exchange Commission; the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; the U.S. Department of Agriculture; the U.S. Department of Energy; the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; and, the U.S. Department of Defense. 1.7 This guide relies on current regulatory information about risks from various state agencies, including the California Air Resources Board, the Massachusetts and Connecticut Departments of Environmental Protection, the Western Climate Initiative, and other published high-level strategies and guidance. For example, the National Academy of Sciences guidance and the Climate and Risk section of the Envision rating system published by the Institute of Sustainable Infrastructure. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 The Use of this Standard Guide— This guide addresses issues related solely to adaptation strategies and development of a plan to address extreme weather and related physical changes. This guide does not include specific guidance on risk assessment, however references are provided in Appendix X3 . The matrix approach does reflect general risks for certain regions of the country, based upon the frequency of extreme weather and/or conditions such as fires, floods, storms, drought, and extreme temperatures. Adaptation strategies and planning may consist of a wide variety of actions by an individual, community, or organization to prepare for, or respond to, the impacts of extreme weather. 4.1.1 This guide does not address causes of extreme weather. 4.1.2 This guide addresses adjustment strategies and planning that a group of people or ecosystems make to limit negative effects of extreme weather. It also addresses taking advantage of opportunities that long term extreme weather patterns may present. 4.2 Example Users: 4.2.1 Small businesses or enterprises; 4.2.2 Service industries; 4.2.3 Federal, state or municipal facilities and regulators, including departments of health and fire departments; 4.2.4 Financial and insurance institutions; 4.2.5 Public works staff, including water system, stormwater system, wastewater system, solid waste, and other utilities (electrical, telephone, gas, et al) and other waste managers, including liquid and solid waste haulers, treatment, recycling, disposal and transfer; 4.2.6 Consultants, auditors, state, municipal and private inspectors and compliance assistance personnel; 4.2.7 Educational facilities; 4.2.8 Property, buildings and grounds management, including landscaping; 4.2.9 Non-regulatory government agencies, such as the military; 4.2.10 Wildlife management entities including government, tribal and NGOs. 4.3 This guide is a first step in crafting simplified goals for managing and communicating risks. The framework describes a process by which the user may categorize current climate risks and a priority approach to manage those risks. The technique classifies common responses for both mitigation and adaptation. The guide groups responses and examples into regions based on experience in responding to risks. The regional classifications found in this guide reflect the general structures of State, Federal and local response programs. These authorities generally classify groups of similar responses according to the timely availability and cost effectiveness of responses (see ISO 14063:2020). 4.3.1 Adaptation strategies and planning may include actions by individuals and communities, for example, from reduced tree clearing for an individual lot, to a farmer planting more drought-resistant crops, or to a municipality protecting riparian and floodplain standards and buffers or ensuring that new coastal infrastructure can accommodate future sea level rise. However, building resilience across communities will require action at all levels; individual, business, town, county, state, and federal. 4.3.2 Some municipalities, for example Boston, Miami Beach, and Baltimore, corporate entities, and organizations have already begun taking action toward defining adaptation strategies and planning for extreme weather. 4.3.3 In an increasingly interdependent world, negative effects of extreme weather on one population or economic sector may have repercussions around the world. These effects have repercussions on populations and settlements in neighboring areas, within countries, or across the globe. They include economic disruption to productivity and the supply-chain, impacts to energy production and cascading impacts to users. 4.3.4 Many ecosystems will also be affected by extreme weather challenges and opportunities. Some species may be able to migrate or change their behavior to accommodate changes in the weather. Other species may decline or become extinct. Some species may increase in numbers. Managers of natural resources may anticipate some of the impacts of extreme weather on ecosystems. This offers one avenue in beginning to develop management programs that may help ecosystems adapt. 4.3.5 There are limits to the ability of human systems to adapt. For example, the relocation of cities and various communities or infrastructure may not be feasible in many locations, especially in a short period of time. Implementation timeframes could take 20, 50 and 100 years or longer. 4.3.6 Those communities or sections of communities that are most vulnerable, such as locations where the poor, disengaged, elderly or those in ill health live, are at greatest risk. Extreme weather may exacerbate existing issues. Addressing underlying issues that make communities or systems vulnerable will increase their resilience and support adaptation efforts. 4.3.7 The user should consider the most effective scale of adaptation, for example, site, town, catchment, watershed, City, State, or regional level. The scale will impact the relative direct and indirect costs and benefits of a solution. The guide may help users understand the most effective scale of adaptation and the appropriate level of action. 4.4 This guide defines good commercial and customary practice in the U.S. for conducting baseline assessment and reasonable mitigation/adaptation strategic options on a voluntary basis. The following principles apply to this priority system: 4.4.1 Ability to set specific goals for activities. This includes adopting a contingency plan for protection from weather related events using engineering changes while maintaining current operations. This includes “flood-proofing” “fire-proofing,” back-up energy generation, vegetation management around power lines and other measures to cope with extreme weather. 4.4.2 Marketing environmental awareness and sensitivity; 4.4.3 Assessing risks from future weather related events and extreme conditions. A compendium of applicable risk assessment tools that users may find useful are in Appendix X1 . 4.4.4 Risk management, underwriting; loss control and history; premiums and claims; 4.4.5 Liability assessment and qualifications for loans; 4.4.6 Standardization, consistency and certification of facility specific evaluations; 4.4.7 Educating employees, clients and customers; 4.4.8 Generating multi media and cross medium information; 4.4.9 Evaluating vendors; 4.4.10 Reducing costs and preventing pollution. 4.5 Users may consider various benefits of assessment and response. 4.5.1 This guide is a basic primer on climate impacts and may serve to introduce the subject for organizations unfamiliar with the principles. 4.5.2 Some government agencies, fiduciaries and business organizations publish strategies for climate resiliency. The public has systematic ability to access or estimate information on individual businesses. Therefore, businesses need guidance on how to assess the nature and potential risks of climate risks, and a programmatic approach for reducing or eliminating those risks through protection, accommodation, retreat, and other proactive management systems. 4.5.3 Reduced operation, insurance and maintenance costs may be realized through a tiered evaluation of weather related response opportunities. 4.5.4 Responses may be streamlined and simplified so that all levels in an organization may participate. 4.5.5 Some enterprises may be more competitive in the marketplace with improved climate-related response programs. 4.5.6 Setting priorities can allow planning and evaluation of new adaptation and response requirements. 4.5.7 Different stakeholders, such as industries or governments, will have different interests and responsibilities for taking action. For example, retreat and relocation of populations will fall under the government scope rather than industry. 4.6 Institutional Risks— Some of the risks posed by weather related events include damage to residences, businesses, infrastructure and agriculture from fires, floods, drought, extreme temperature, storms, hail, winds, tidal surge and sea level rise. Early, voluntary actions, including the use of this guide, may also help organizations prepare for and reduce the impacts of future government regulations. Some of the possible government programs that may be used to address climate are described below. 4.6.1 Flood Insurance Maps; 4.6.2 Water conservation requirements; 4.6.3 Fire codes; 4.6.4 Emergency response; 4.6.5 Zoning regulations; 4.6.6 Building codes; 4.6.7 Wetlands and stream buffer regulations; 4.6.8 Stormwater standards and regulations for floodplains and floodways, planning, development requirements, and infrastructure design (MS4, flood control systems, floodplains and floodways); 4.6.9 Public Works Projects; 4.6.10 Hazard Mitigation Planning. 4.7 Managing Risk Uncertainty: 4.7.1 It appears that weather extremes will continue to present risks and uncertainty as to the effects they will have in different regions. The ability to predict future weather related risks has improved, but efforts to understand the complete impact of those risks on society and analyze mitigation and adaptation strategies are still relatively immature. 4.7.2 The tiered analysis in this guide will help support decision-making, studying regional impacts, and communicating with wider group of stakeholders in the face of uncertainty. 4.7.3 The insurance industry has always played a role in risk management by insuring weather related risks, promoting stronger building codes, and better land-use decision-making.