1.1 本规程涵盖了环境数据采集数据质量目标（DQO）的制定过程。采样和分析设计的优化是DQO过程的一部分。本规程详细描述了DQO过程。设计优化的各种策略太多了，无法包含在本实践中。许多其他文件概述了优化采样和分析设计的替代方案。因此，仅包括设计优化的概述。一些设计方面包括在实践的例子中，以便于说明。 1.2 DQO开发是数据生成活动的三个部分中的第一部分。另外两个方面是( 1. )采样和分析策略的实施，请参阅指南 D6311 ；以及( 2. )数据质量评估，请参阅指南 D6233 。 1.3 本指南应与实践结合使用 D5283 ， D6250 、和指南 D6044 实践 D5283 概述了在规划过程中指定并在实施过程中使用的质量保证（QA）过程。指导 D6044 概述了从人群中获得代表性样本的过程，确定了可能影响代表性的来源，并描述了代表性样本属性。 实践 D6250 描述了如何计算决策点。 1.4 与废物管理活动有关的环境数据包括但不限于对空气、土壤、水、生物群、工艺或一般废物样本或其任何组合进行采样和分析的结果。 1.5 DQO过程是一个规划过程，应在采样和分析活动之前完成。 1.6 这种做法提出了广泛的管理要求，旨在确保高质量的环境数据。“必须”和“应当”（要求）、“应该”（建议）和“可以”（可选）等词经过仔细挑选，以反映出对这一做法中许多陈述的重视。 在多大程度上满足所有要求仍然是一个技术判断问题。 1.7 以国际单位制表示的数值应视为标准。本标准中不包括其他计量单位。 1.7.1 例外-- 括号中给出的值仅供参考。 1.8 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.9 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 ===意义和用途====== 5.1 制定监管和方案决策通常需要环境数据。决策者必须确定与数据相关的保证水平是否足以满足其预期用途的质量。 5.2 数据生成工作包括三个部分:制定DQO和后续项目计划以满足DQO，项目计划的实施和监督，以及评估数据质量以确定是否满足DQO。 5.3 为了确定支持决策所需的保证级别，决策者、数据收集器和用户必须使用迭代过程。这种实践强调了DQO开发过程的迭代性质。随着获得与数据质量水平相关的信息，可能需要重新评估和修改目标。 这意味着DQO是DQO过程的产物，在收集和评估数据时会发生变化。 5.4 该实践定义了开发DQO的过程。对规划过程的每个步骤进行了描述。 5.5 这一做法强调了参与制定DQO的人员、规划和实施环境数据生成活动的采样和分析方面的人员以及评估数据质量的人员之间沟通的重要性。 5.6 成功的DQO过程对项目的影响如下: ( 1. )所有决策者对问题的性质和期望的决策达成共识( 2. )数据质量与其预期用途一致( 3. )资源效率更高的采样和分析设计( 4. )有计划的数据收集和评估方法( 5. )了解何时停止采样的定量标准，以及( 6. )做出错误决策的已知风险度量。

1.1 This practice covers the process of development of data quality objectives (DQOs) for the acquisition of environmental data. Optimization of sampling and analysis design is a part of the DQO process. This practice describes the DQO process in detail. The various strategies for design optimization are too numerous to include in this practice. Many other documents outline alternatives for optimizing sampling and analysis design. Therefore, only an overview of design optimization is included. Some design aspects are included in the practice's examples for illustration purposes. 1.2 DQO development is the first of three parts of data generation activities. The other two aspects are ( 1 ) implementation of the sampling and analysis strategies, see Guide D6311 ; and ( 2 ) data quality assessment, see Guide D6233 . 1.3 This guide should be used in concert with Practices D5283 , D6250 , and Guide D6044 . Practice D5283 outlines the quality assurance (QA) processes specified during planning and used during implementation. Guide D6044 outlines a process by which a representative sample may be obtained from a population, identifies sources that can affect representativeness, and describes the attributes of a representative sample. Practice D6250 describes how a decision point can be calculated. 1.4 Environmental data related to waste management activities include, but are not limited to, the results from the sampling and analyses of air, soil, water, biota, process or general waste samples, or any combinations thereof. 1.5 The DQO process is a planning process and should be completed prior to sampling and analysis activities. 1.6 This practice presents extensive requirements of management, designed to ensure high-quality environmental data. The words “must” and “shall” (requirements), “should” (recommendation), and “may” (optional), have been selected carefully to reflect the importance placed on many of the statements in this practice. The extent to which all requirements will be met remains a matter of technical judgment. 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.7.1 Exception— The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 Environmental data are often required for making regulatory and programmatic decisions. Decision makers must determine whether the levels of assurance associated with the data are sufficient in quality for their intended use. 5.2 Data generation efforts involve three parts: development of DQOs and subsequent project plan(s) to meet the DQOs, implementation and oversight of the project plan(s), and assessment of the data quality to determine whether the DQOs were met. 5.3 To determine the level of assurance necessary to support the decision, an iterative process must be used by decision makers, data collectors, and users. This practice emphasizes the iterative nature of the process of DQO development. Objectives may need to be reevaluated and modified as information related to the level of data quality is gained. This means that DQOs are the product of the DQO process and are subject to change as data are gathered and assessed. 5.4 This practice defines the process of developing DQOs. Each step of the planning process is described. 5.5 This practice emphasizes the importance of communication among those involved in developing DQOs, those planning and implementing the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities, and those assessing data quality. 5.6 The impacts of a successful DQO process on the project are as follows: ( 1 ) a consensus on the nature of the problem and the desired decision shared by all the decision makers, ( 2 ) data quality consistent with its intended use, ( 3 ) a more resource-efficient sampling and analysis design, ( 4 ) a planned approach to data collection and evaluation, ( 5 ) quantitative criteria for knowing when to stop sampling, and ( 6 ) known measure of risk for making an incorrect decision.