本幻灯片首先介绍了膜改造的背景信息，包括:进行常规改造的公用设施的位置和规模；考虑改装的原因；要考虑的关键事项；与设计、安装和维护相关的改装的独特挑战；膜定制；以及不同的模块移除方法。概述了两个项目的案例研究。

This slide presentation begins by presenting background information on membrane retrofits that includes: location and size of utilities that have done conventional retrofits; reasons for considering retrofits; key items to consider; unique challenges of retrofits related to design, installation, and maintenance; membrane customizations; and, different approaches for module removal. A case study of two projects is outlined.