1.1 本标准为土建筑系统（也称为土建筑）提供了指南，并阐述了可持续发展的技术要求和考虑因素。土建筑系统包括土坯、夯土、cob、铸土和其他用作结构和非结构墙系统的土建筑技术。 注1: 本指南中未具体描述的其他土建筑系统，以及许多地区常见的圆顶、拱顶和拱形土结构，在符合成功的当地建筑传统或工程判断时，也可以使用本指南。 1.1.1 在建筑物的设计和建造中，有许多决策可以为后代维护生态系统的组成部分和功能。 其中一个决定是选择建筑物中使用的产品。本指南解决了与使用土墙建筑系统相关的可持续性问题。 1.1.2 与土墙建筑系统相关的可持续发展考虑分为以下几类:材料（产品原料）、制造工艺、操作性能（产品安装）和室内环境质量（IEQ）。 1.1.3 土建筑系统的技术要求分类如下:设计标准、结构和非结构系统以及结构和非结构部件。 1.2 本指南的规定不适用于建筑铸石中使用的材料和产品（见规范 C1364 ). 1.3 以国际单位制或英寸-磅单位表示的数值应单独视为标准值。每个系统中规定的值可能不是精确的等效值；因此，每个系统应相互独立使用。将两个系统的值合并可能会导致不符合标准。 1.4 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全和健康实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 ====意义和用途====== 5.1 历史概述- 土建筑系统在世界各地已经使用了数千年。 土坯建筑可以追溯到公元前8300年左右建造的杰里科城墙。许多现存的土结构已经运行了数百年。然而，随着新型建筑材料的发展，土建筑系统在世界上曾经普遍使用的部分地区已不受欢迎。同时，在许多因素的推动下，土建筑在工业化世界正在经历复兴。 5.2 可持续性- 随着世界人口继续增加，人们继续满足基本的住房需求，越来越有必要推广对地球生命周期影响较小的建筑技术。土建筑系统是一种可能对生命周期产生有利影响的技术。 5.3 建筑规范影响- 土建筑系统历史上从未被设计过，但到了20世纪末，这是历史上第一次有可能将合理的结构设计方法可靠地应用于土建筑。在过去几十年中，基于对土结构抗震、耐热和防潮性能的大量研究和现场观察，世界各地出现了大量的土建筑规范、指南和标准。其中一些标准是: 澳大利亚地球建筑手册 加州历史建筑规范 中国建筑标准 厄瓜多尔土楼标准 德国土建筑标准 印度土楼标准 国际建筑规范/土坯建筑规定 新墨西哥州土建筑材料规范 新西兰土楼标准 秘鲁土楼标准 本指南借鉴了这些文件和迄今为止为工程师、建筑官员和监管机构提供土方施工指导的全球经验。 5.4 观众- 对于土结构和本指南，有两个主要的、有时是重叠的市场: 5.4.1 具有历史或本土土楼传统的地区- 在文化中嵌入土建筑的地方，或者几乎没有实际或经济的途径使用其他建筑系统，本指南可以为提高生命安全和建筑耐久性建立框架。 5.4.2 对土建筑有着新兴或复兴兴趣的地区- 在某些地方，地球有时被选为主要结构材料，而不是其他选择，本指南为编码和工程设计提供了框架。

1.1 This standard provides guidance for earthen building systems, also called earthen construction, and addresses both technical requirements and considerations for sustainable development. Earthen building systems include adobe, rammed earth, cob, cast earth, and other earthen building technologies used as structural and non-structural wall systems. Note 1: Other earthen building systems not specifically described in these guidelines, as well as domed, vaulted, and arched earthen structures as are common in many areas, can also make use of these guidelines when consistent with successful local building traditions or engineering judgment. 1.1.1 There are many decisions in the design and construction of a building that can contribute to the maintenance of ecosystem components and functions for future generations. One such decision is the selection of products for use in the building. This guide addresses sustainability issues related to the use of earthen wall building systems. 1.1.2 The considerations for sustainable development relative to earthen wall building systems are categorized as follows: materials (product feedstock), manufacturing process, operational performance (product installed), and indoor environmental quality (IEQ). 1.1.3 The technical requirements for earthen building systems are categorized as follows: design criteria, structural and non-structural systems, and structural and non-structural components. 1.2 Provisions of this guide do not apply to materials and products used in architectural cast stone (see Specification C1364 ). 1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 Historical Overview— Earthen building systems have been used throughout the world for thousands of years. Adobe construction dates back to the walls of Jericho which was built around 8300 B.C. Many extant earthen structures have been functioning for hundreds of years. However, with the development of newer building materials, earthen building systems have fallen into disfavor in parts of the world where they were once commonly used. At the same time, earthen construction is experiencing a revival in the industrialized world, driven by a number of factors. 5.2 Sustainability— As world population continues to rise and people continue to address basic shelter requirements, it becomes increasingly necessary to promote construction techniques with less life cycle impact on the earth. Earthen building systems are one type of technique that may have a favorable life cycle impact. 5.3 Building Code Impact— Earthen building systems have historically not been engineered, but as of the late 20th Century it is for the first time in history possible to reliably apply rational structural design methods to earthen construction. A large number of earthen building codes, guidelines and standards have appeared around the world over the past few decades, based upon a considerable amount of research and field observations regarding the seismic, thermal and moisture durability performance of earthen structures. Some of those standards are: Australian Earth Building Handbook California Historical Building Code Chinese Building Standards Ecuadorian Earthen Building Standards German Earthen Building Standards Indian Earthen Building Standards International Building Code / provisions for adobe construction New Mexico Earthen Building Materials Code New Zealand Earthen Building Standards Peruvian Earthen Building Standards This guide draws from those documents and the global experience to date in providing guidance on earthen construction to engineers, building officials, and regulatory agencies. 5.4 Audience— There are two primary and sometimes overlapping markets for earthen construction and for this guide: 5.4.1 Areas with Historical or Indigenous Earthen Building Traditions— In places where earthen architecture is embedded in the culture, or there is little practical or economical access to other building systems, this guide can set a framework for increasing life safety and building durability. 5.4.2 Areas with a Nascent or Reviving Interest in Earthen Architecture— In places where earth is sometimes chosen over other options as the primary structural material, this guide provides a framework for codification and engineering design.