1.1 本指南旨在为建筑业的可持续发展提供信息。它概述了与指南一致的水管理的理想可持续性和应用可持续性 E2432 . 理想可持续性和应用可持续性都应为有关水管理的决策提供信息。 1.1.1 理想的可持续性是以水文循环为模式的。这为持续改进提供了概念目标和方向。 1.1.2 应用可持续性概述了当前的最佳实践。这确定了考虑环境、经济和社会机遇和挑战的可用选项。最合适的方案可能因项目位置而异。 1.2 水管理挑战因建筑环境的类型和可用的水资源而有很大不同。 1.2.1 建筑环境的总体需求从非常低密度的农村发展到拥挤的城市发展。 大城市面临着特殊的挑战，有400个 全球城市住房超过1 百万居民。 1.2.2 要成功应对世界各地水分布不均、地下水枯竭、降雨模式变化和其他水行业趋势的挑战，需要有效管理整个水循环的可持续解决方案。 1.2.3 建筑环境用水和废水服务的可持续设计、施工和运营是水管理和全球可持续水管理的关键组成部分。 1.3 水管理包括污染预防（质量问题）和保护（数量问题）。 1.4 以英寸-磅为单位的数值应视为标准值。本标准不包括其他计量单位。 1.5 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。 本标准的用户有责任制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并在使用前确定监管限制的适用性。 1.6 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 4.1 淡水供应有限，需求不断增加。 4.1.1 联合国人口基金估计只有2.5 地球上%的水是新鲜的，只有0.5%左右 百分比为可接近的地下水或地表水。 4.1.2 而世界人口在20世纪增加了三倍 世纪，水的使用量增加了六倍- 折叠联合国估计，在2017年，接近70% 全球%的人口将面临获取淡水的问题。此外，超过2 全世界有10亿人缺乏基本的卫生设施。 4.1.3 据WWAP统计，农业用水占全球年用水量的70%，工业用水占22% 家庭使用占8% 百分比 ( 1. ) . 5. 4.2 需求的增加给供水和分配系统带来了额外的压力，威胁到人类健康和环境。 4.3 需求的增加加剧了能源使用和相关的温室气体排放。大量能源用于水的处理和分配。据WaterSense称，美国公共供水和处理设施消耗约56 每年10亿千瓦时（kWh）的电力足以提供5%以上的电力 一整年有100万个家庭。 在加利福尼亚州，估计有19人 电力百分比，32 占天然气消耗量的百分比，以及88 每年有10亿加仑的柴油为水和废水的处理和分配提供动力 ( 2. ) . 4.4 建筑业转移了大约16 每年占全球淡水的百分比 ( 3. ) . 设计和施工必须解决水效率问题。建筑业可用淡水的年使用量估计数占制造建筑材料以及建造和运营建筑物所需的水量。它没有反映建筑业对水质的影响。 4.5 本指南提供了有关理想可持续性和用水的信息。 4.6 本指南提供了应用可持续性和用水的一般选择。

1.1 This guide is intended to inform sustainable development in the building industry. It outlines ideal sustainability and applied sustainability for water management, consistent with Guide E2432 . Both ideal sustainability and applied sustainability should inform decisions regarding water management. 1.1.1 Ideal sustainability is patterned on the hydrological cycle. This provides the concept goals and direction for continual improvement. 1.1.2 Applied sustainability outlines current best practices. This identifies available options considering environmental, economic, and social opportunities and challenges. The most appropriate option(s) are likely to vary depending on the location of the project. 1.2 Water management challenges differ enormously depending on the type of built environment and the available water resources. 1.2.1 The general demands of the built environment vary from very low density rural development to crowded urban development. Large cities present a particular challenge, with 400 cities worldwide housing over 1 million inhabitants. 1.2.2 Successfully meeting the challenges of uneven distribution of water around the world, depletion of groundwater, changing rainfall patterns, and other water industry trends requires sustainable solutions for the effective management of the entire water cycle. 1.2.3 Sustainable design, construction, and operation of water and wastewater services for the built environment are critical components of water stewardship and global sustainable water management. 1.3 Water stewardship encompasses both pollution prevention (quality issues) and conservation (quantity issues). 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 Supply of fresh water is limited and demand is increasing. 4.1.1 The United Nations Population Fund estimates that only 2.5 percent of the water on the Earth is fresh, and only about 0.5 percent is accessible ground or surface water. 4.1.2 While world population tripled in the 20th century, the use of water increased six-fold. The United Nations estimates that in the year 2017, close to 70 percent of the global population will have problems accessing fresh water. Additionally, more than 2 billion people around the world lack basic sanitation facilities. 4.1.3 According to WWAP, agriculture use accounts for 70 percent of annual worldwide water use, industrial use accounts for 22 percent and domestic use accounts for 8 percent ( 1 ) . 5 4.2 Increased demand has put additional stress on water supplies and distribution systems, threatening both human health and the environment. 4.3 Increased demand has intensified energy use and the associated greenhouse gas emissions. Significant energy is expended for treatment and distribution of water. According to WaterSense, American public water supply and treatment facilities consume about 56 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) per year—enough electricity to power more than 5 million homes for an entire year. In California, an estimated 19 percent of electricity, 32 percent of natural gas consumption, and 88 billion gallons of diesel fuel annually power the treatment and distribution of water and wastewater ( 2 ) . 4.4 The building industry diverts an estimated 16 percent of global fresh water annually ( 3 ) . It is imperative that design and construction address water efficiency. The estimate of annual usage of available fresh water by the building industry accounts for the quantity of water that is required to manufacture building materials and to construct and operate buildings. It does not reflect the impact of the building industry on the quality of water. 4.5 This guide provides information regarding ideal sustainability and water use. 4.6 This guide provides general options for applied sustainability and water use.