1.1 本标准为土建筑系统（也称为土建筑）提供了指导，并解决了可持续发展的技术要求和考虑因素。土建筑系统包括土坯、夯土、cob、浇注土和其他用作结构和非结构墙系统的土建筑技术。 注1: 这些指南中没有具体描述的其他土制建筑系统，以及在许多地区常见的圆顶、拱形和拱形土制结构，在符合成功的当地建筑传统或工程判断的情况下，也可以使用这些指南。 1.1.1 在建筑的设计和施工中，有许多决策可以为子孙后代维护生态系统的组成部分和功能。 一个这样的决定是选择在建筑中使用的产品。本指南涉及与使用土墙建筑系统有关的可持续性问题。 1.1.2 与土墙建筑系统相关的可持续发展考虑因素分为以下几类:材料（产品原料）、制造工艺、操作性能（安装的产品）和室内环境质量（IEQ）。 1.1.3 土制建筑系统的技术要求分类如下:设计标准、结构和非结构系统以及结构和非结构性部件。 1.2 本指南的规定不适用于建筑铸石中使用的材料和产品（见规范 C1364 )。 1.3 以国际单位制或英寸磅单位表示的数值应单独视为标准。每个系统中规定的值可能不是完全相等的；因此，每个系统应独立使用。将两个系统的值合并可能导致不符合标准。 1.4 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.5 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 5.1 历史概况-- 地球建筑系统已经在全世界使用了数千年。土坯建筑可以追溯到公元前8300年左右建造的杰里科城墙。许多现存的土结构已经使用了数百年。然而，随着新型建筑材料的发展，土制建筑系统在世界上曾经普遍使用的地区已经失宠。与此同时，在许多因素的推动下，土建筑正在工业化世界复兴。 5.2 可持续性-- 随着世界人口的持续增长，人们继续满足基本的住房需求，越来越有必要推广对地球生命周期影响较小的建筑技术。 地球建筑系统是一种可能对生命周期产生有利影响的技术。 5.3 建筑规范影响-- 从历史上看，地球上的建筑系统并没有被设计出来，但截至20世纪末 th 本世纪以来，将合理的结构设计方法可靠地应用于土工建筑是历史上第一次。在过去的几十年里，基于对土结构抗震、隔热和防潮性能的大量研究和现场观测，世界各地出现了大量的土建筑规范、指南和标准。其中一些标准是: 澳大利亚地球建筑手册 加州历史建筑规范 中国建筑标准 厄瓜多尔土建筑标准 德国Earthen建筑标准 印度土建筑标准 国际建筑规范/土坯建筑规定 新墨西哥州土建筑材料规范 新西兰土建筑标准 秘鲁土建筑标准 本指南借鉴了这些文件和迄今为止为工程师、建筑官员和监管机构提供土工建筑指导的全球经验。 5.4 受众-- 土工建筑和本指南有两个主要市场，有时相互重叠: 5.4.1 具有历史或土著土建筑传统的地区-- 在土建筑融入文化的地方，或者很少有实用或经济的途径进入其他建筑系统的地方，本指南可以为提高生命安全和建筑耐久性设定一个框架。 5.4.2 对土建筑感兴趣或正在复兴的地区-- 在某些地方，有时会选择泥土而不是其他材料作为主要结构材料，本指南为编目和工程设计提供了一个框架。

1.1 This standard provides guidance for earthen building systems, also called earthen construction, and addresses both technical requirements and considerations for sustainable development. Earthen building systems include adobe, rammed earth, cob, cast earth, and other earthen building technologies used as structural and non-structural wall systems. Note 1: Other earthen building systems not specifically described in these guidelines, as well as domed, vaulted, and arched earthen structures as are common in many areas, can also make use of these guidelines when consistent with successful local building traditions or engineering judgment. 1.1.1 There are many decisions in the design and construction of a building that can contribute to the maintenance of ecosystem components and functions for future generations. One such decision is the selection of products for use in the building. This guide addresses sustainability issues related to the use of earthen wall building systems. 1.1.2 The considerations for sustainable development relative to earthen wall building systems are categorized as follows: materials (product feedstock), manufacturing process, operational performance (product installed), and indoor environmental quality (IEQ). 1.1.3 The technical requirements for earthen building systems are categorized as follows: design criteria, structural and non-structural systems, and structural and non-structural components. 1.2 Provisions of this guide do not apply to materials and products used in architectural cast stone (see Specification C1364 ). 1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 Historical Overview— Earthen building systems have been used throughout the world for thousands of years. Adobe construction dates back to the walls of Jericho which were built around 8300 B.C. Many extant earthen structures have been functioning for hundreds of years. However, with the development of newer building materials, earthen building systems have fallen into disfavor in parts of the world where they were once commonly used. At the same time, earthen construction is experiencing a revival in the industrialized world, driven by a number of factors. 5.2 Sustainability— As world population continues to rise and people continue to address basic shelter requirements, it becomes increasingly necessary to promote construction techniques with less life cycle impact on the earth. Earthen building systems are one type of technique that may have a favorable life cycle impact. 5.3 Building Code Impact— Earthen building systems have historically not been engineered, but as of the late 20 th Century it is for the first time in history possible to reliably apply rational structural design methods to earthen construction. A large number of earthen building codes, guidelines, and standards have appeared around the world over the past few decades, based upon a considerable amount of research and field observations regarding the seismic, thermal, and moisture durability performance of earthen structures. Some of those standards are: Australian Earth Building Handbook California Historical Building Code Chinese Building Standards Ecuadorian Earthen Building Standards German Earthen Building Standards Indian Earthen Building Standards International Building Code / provisions for adobe construction New Mexico Earthen Building Materials Code New Zealand Earthen Building Standards Peruvian Earthen Building Standards This guide draws from those documents and the global experience to date in providing guidance on earthen construction to engineers, building officials, and regulatory agencies. 5.4 Audience— There are two primary and sometimes overlapping markets for earthen construction and for this guide: 5.4.1 Areas with Historical or Indigenous Earthen Building Traditions— In places where earthen architecture is embedded in the culture, or there is little practical or economical access to other building systems, this guide can set a framework for increasing life safety and building durability. 5.4.2 Areas with a Nascent or Reviving Interest in Earthen Architecture— In places where earth is sometimes chosen over other options as the primary structural material, this guide provides a framework for codification and engineering design.