饮用水配水系统中微生物污染的发生 可能是系统臀位或微生物再生的结果。偶尔 在分配系统中，细胞附着在管壁上形成生物膜，从而导致 管道的生物腐蚀，不符合饮用水指南，以及不符合要求 饮用水的审美变化。其他影响 与分配系统中的微生物活动相关的包括大肠菌群的发作 生长，水传播疾病的可能性增加，硝酸盐浓度增加。 二次或残留消毒是使用消毒剂的过程 在分配系统中提供残余浓度。三种主要消毒剂 用于二次消毒的是氯、氯胺和二氧化氯。每个 这些消毒剂有优点和缺点，以及使用的消毒剂类型， 以及所需的剩余水量，将取决于成品水质和管道 特点。同时，供应商必须尽量减少消毒副产品 形成，以及控制任何不必要的味道和气味发作，可能是 与二次消毒有关。 在北美和一些欧洲国家，保持消毒剂 分配系统中的残余物已被用作控制生物膜的方法 在分配系统中形成，并防止环境中的微生物污染 系统臀部的实例。这样做的前提是 在分配系统中残留足够的消毒剂可以最大限度地减少细菌的再生 指示微生物或病原微生物，比 单独进行微生物监测，并降低因细菌感染而导致的一般污染风险 臀位分配系统。但什么才算是足够的剩余呢？ 本文的目的是概述二级消毒剂 加拿大和美国的法规，并评估 影响消毒剂残留的管理。包括18个参考文献，图。

The occurrence of microbial contamination in drinking water distribution systems can occur as a result of a system breech or as a result of microbial regrowth. Once in the distribution system, cells attach to pipe walls to form a biofilm which can cause biocorrosion of the pipes, noncompliance with drinking water guidelines, and undesirable aesthetic changes in the drinking water. Other repercussions associated with microbial activity in the distribution system include episodes of coliform growth, an increased likelihood of waterborne disease, and an increased nitrate concentratio. Secondary or residual disinfection is the process of applying a disinfectant that provides a residual concentration in the distribution system. The three main disinfectants used for secondary disinfection are chlorine, chloramines, and chlorine dioxide. Each of these disinfectants have advantages and disadvantages, and the type of disinfectant used, as well as the residual required, will depend upon the finished water quality and pipe characteristics. At the same time, suppliers must minimize disinfection byproduct formation, as well as control any unwanted taste and odour episodes that may be associated with secondary disinfection. In North America and some European countries, maintaining a disinfectant residual in the distribution system has been used as a method of controlling biofilm formation in the distribution system, and preventing microbial contamination in the instance of a system breech. This has been done based on the premise that maintaining an adequate disinfectant residual in the distribution system can minimize regrowth of indicator or pathogenic microorganisms, detect microbial intrusion more rapidly than microbial monitoring alone, and reduce the risk of general contamination as a result of a distribution system breech. But what is considered an adequate residual? The objective of this paper to provide an overview of secondary disinfectants, the regulation in Canada and the US, and evaluate the physical and chemical factors that affect the management of a disinfectant residual. Includes 18 references, figure.