1.1 这些试验方法涵盖了用于某些柴油发动机的发动机机油的性能。它们在标准化的高速单缸柴油发动机中由1K（0.4 % 燃料质量硫）或1N（0.04 % 质量燃料硫）程序。 3. 这两种测试方法的唯一区别是使用的燃油 . 测量了活塞和环槽沉积物的形成趋势和油耗。此外，检查活塞、活塞环和缸套有无损坏，活塞环有无活动性。这些测试方法用于评估旨在满足API服务类别CF-4和CH-4 1K和CG-4 1N规格的油 D4485 . 1.2 这些测试方法虽然基于Caterpillar最初的1K/1N程序， 3. 还包括在这些试验方法首次发布之前发布的TMC信息函。这些测试方法经常变化。 在这些试验方法的下一次修订之前，TMC将通过发布信息函来更新这些试验方法的变更，该信息函应从TMC处获得（见 附件A1– 附件A4 ). 1.3 以国际单位制表示的数值应视为标准值。本标准不包括其他计量单位。 1.3.1 例外情况- 如果没有直接的国际单位制等效物，如螺纹、国家管道螺纹/直径、管道尺寸或规定的单源设备。此外，制动比油耗的测量单位为千克/千瓦时。 1.4 目录如下: 部分 介绍 范围 1. 参考文件 2. 术语 3. 试验方法总结 4. 意义和用途 5. 仪器 6. 一般实验室要求 6.1 测试发动机 6.2 测试发动机附件和零件 6.3 试剂和材料 7. 测试油样要求 8. 仪器的准备 9 发动机检查 9.1 发动机测试前润滑系统冲洗 9.2 发动机试验前测量和检查 9.3 发动机总成 9.4 燃油系统总成的压力测试 9.5 发动机试验台的校准 10 一般要求和校准频率 10.1 跑 10.2 规定的测试参数 10.3 校准测试验收标准 10.4 拒绝校准测试的行动 10.5 测试编号 10.6 参考油 10.7 严重性调整 10.8 发动机操作程序 11 发动机磨合 11.1 冷却程序 11.2 预热程序 11.3 操作条件和机油添加量 11.4 油耗测量 11.5 用过的油取样 11.6 停机、损失时间和超差条件 11.7 排气温度记录 11.8 空燃比测量 11.9 记录发动机状况 11.10 湿度要求/校准/测量 11.11 检查、照片和测量 12 参考报告表 12.1 发动机零件的试验前测量 12.2 测试后信息 12.3 机油检查 12.4 汇报 13 一般说明 13.1 测试结果的电子传输（可选） 13.12 报告校准测试结果 13.13 精度和偏差 14 关键词 15 附件 ASTM测试监测中心组织 附件A1 ASTM测试监测中心:校准程序 附件A2 ASTM测试监测中心:维护活动 附件A3 ASTM测试监测中心:相关信息 附件A4 测试发动机和发动机制造规范 附件A5 进气系统详图 附录A6 排气系统详图 附件A7 冷却系统详细信息 附录A8 油系统改造和仪表位置 附录A9 其他压力和温度测量位置 附件A10 油耗线性回归方法 附录A11 测试燃料规格 附录A12 润滑系统、冲洗装置和程序 附录A13 发动机工作条件 附录A14 评定活塞和缸套的程序 附录A15 偏移百分比和偏差百分比的计算 附录A16 1K/1N测试报告 附录A17 按零件号（零件号）和保修列出的零件清单 附录A18 安全注意事项 附录A19 附录 湿度数据 附录X1 均值和标准差的统计方程 附录X2 报告表格示例 附录X3 可选记录油路极限 附录X4 1.5 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 具体的预防说明贯穿全文。作为发动机试验，这些试验方法确实存在安全规程应满足的明确危险（参见 附录A19 关于安全预防措施）。 1.6 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 5.1 这些是加速发动机机油测试（称为1K和1N测试程序），在标准化、校准、静止的单缸柴油发动机中使用质量分数0.4进行 % 硫燃料（1K试验）或质量分数0.04 % 硫燃料（1N测试），可测量( 1. )活塞和环槽沉积物形成趋势( 2. )活塞、环和缸套磨损和( 3. )油耗。 5.2 1K测试与1989年之前在重载和高速服务中使用的配备了某些多缸直喷发动机的车辆相关，特别是当燃料硫的名义质量分数为0.4时，铝活塞沉积物和油耗 %. 这些数据在研究报告RR:D02-1273中给出。 9 5.3 1N测试已用于预测四冲程循环、直接喷射柴油发动机中活塞沉积物的形成，这些柴油发动机已被校准，以满足1994年美国联邦废气排放要求，适用于燃用质量分数小于0.05的燃油的重型发动机 % 硫黄见研究报告RR:D02-1321。 9 5.4 这些试验方法用于制定规范中引用的柴油机油规范要求 D4485 适用于API性能类别油（API 1509）。 5.5 这些测试方法也用于柴油机油的开发。

1.1 These test methods cover the performance of engine oils intended for use in certain diesel engines. They are performed in a standardized high-speed, single-cylinder diesel engine by either the 1K (0.4 % mass fuel sulfur) or 1N (0.04 % mass fuel sulfur) procedure. 3 The only difference in the two test methods is the fuel used . Piston and ring groove deposit-forming tendency and oil consumption are measured. Also, the piston, the rings, and the liner are examined for distress and the rings for mobility. These test methods are required to evaluate oils intended to satisfy API service categories CF-4 and CH-4 for 1K, and CG-4 for 1N of Specification D4485 . 1.2 These test methods, although based on the original Caterpillar 1K/1N procedures, 3 also embody TMC information letters issued before these test methods were first published. These test methods are subject to frequent change. Until the next revision of these test methods, TMC will update changes in these test methods by the issuance of information letters which shall be obtained from TMC (see Annex A1 – Annex A4 ). 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3.1 Exception— Where there is no direct SI equivalent such as screw threads, national pipe threads/diameters, tubing size, or single source equipment specified. Also Brake Specific Fuel Consumption is measured in kilograms per kilowatthour. 1.4 The following is the Table of Contents: Section Introduction Scope 1 Referenced documents 2 Terminology 3 Summary of Test Methods 4 Significance and Use 5 Apparatus 6 General Laboratory Requirements 6.1 Test Engine 6.2 Test Engine Accessories and Parts 6.3 Reagents and Materials 7 Test Oil Sample Requirements 8 Preparation of Apparatus 9 Engine Inspection 9.1 Engine Pre-Test Lubrication System Flush 9.2 Engine Pre-Test Measurements and Inspections 9.3 Engine Assembly 9.4 Pressure Testing of Fuel System Assembly 9.5 Calibration of Engine Test Stand 10 General Requirements and Frequency of Calibration 10.1 Runs 10.2 Specified Test Parameters 10.3 Calibration Test Acceptance Criteria 10.4 Action on Rejection of Calibration Test 10.5 Test Numbering 10.6 Reference Oils 10.7 Severity Adjustments 10.8 Engine Operating Procedure 11 Engine Run-In 11.1 Cool-Down Procedure 11.2 Warm-Up Procedure 11.3 Operating Conditions and Oil Additions 11.4 Measurement of Oil Consumption 11.5 Sampling Used Oil 11.6 Shutdowns, Lost Time and Off Tolerance Conditions 11.7 Recording of Exhaust Temperature 11.8 Air-Fuel Ratio Measurement 11.9 Recording of Engine Conditions 11.10 Humidity Requirements/Calibration/Measurement 11.11 Inspections, Photographs and Measurements 12 Reference to Reporting Form 12.1 Pre-Test Measurements of Engine Parts 12.2 Post-Test Information 12.3 Oil Inspections 12.4 Report 13 General Directions 13.1 Electronic Transmission of Test Results (Optional) 13.12 Reporting Calibration Test Results 13.13 Precision and Bias 14 Keywords 15 ANNEXES ASTM Test Monitoring Center Organization Annex A1 ASTM Test Monitoring Center: Calibration Procedures Annex A2 ASTM Test Monitoring Center: Maintenance Activities Annex A3 ASTM Test Monitoring Center: Related Information Annex A4 Specifications for Test Engine and Engine Build Annex A5 Intake Air System Details Annex A6 Exhaust System Details Annex A7 Cooling System Details Annex A8 Oil System Modifications and Instrument Locations Annex A9 Other Pressure and Temperature Measurement Locations Annex A10 Oil Consumption Linear Regression Method Annex A11 Test Fuel Specifications Annex A12 Lubrication System, Flush Apparatus and Procedure Annex A13 Engine Operating Conditions Annex A14 Procedure for Rating Piston and Liner Annex A15 Calculation of Percent Offset and Percent Deviation Annex A16 1K/1N Test Reporting Annex A17 Parts List by Part Number (P/N) and Warranty Annex A18 Safety Precautions Annex A19 APPENDIXES Humidity Data Appendix X1 Statistical Equations for Mean and Standard Deviation Appendix X2 Examples of Forms for Reporting Appendix X3 Optional Recording of Oil Pass Limits Appendix X4 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements appear throughout the text. Being engine tests, these test methods do have definite hazards that shall be met by safe practices (see Annex A19 on Safety Precautions). 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 These are accelerated engine oil tests (known as the 1K and 1N test procedures), performed in a standardized, calibrated, stationary single-cylinder diesel engine using either mass fraction 0.4 % sulfur fuel (1K test) or mass fraction 0.04 % sulfur fuel (1N test), that give a measure of ( 1 ) piston and ring groove deposit forming tendency, ( 2 ) piston, ring and liner scuffing and ( 3 ) oil consumption. 5.2 The 1K test was correlated with vehicles equipped with certain multi-cylinder direct injection engines used in heavy duty and high speed service prior to 1989, particularly with respect to aluminum piston deposits, and oil consumption, when fuel sulfur was nominally mass fraction 0.4 %. These data are given in Research Report RR:D02-1273. 9 5.3 The 1N test has been used to predict piston deposit formation in four-stroke cycle, direct injection, diesel engines that have been calibrated to meet 1994 U.S. federal exhaust emission requirements for heavy-duty engines operated on fuel containing less than mass fraction 0.05 % sulfur. See Research Report RR:D02-1321. 9 5.4 These test methods are used in the establishment of diesel engine oil specification requirements as cited in Specification D4485 for appropriate API Performance Category oils (API 1509). 5.5 These test methods are also used in diesel engine oil development.